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Chemical space exploration underlies drug discovery, yet most generative models treat chemical space as a fixed, implicitly learned distribution, focusing on sampling molecules rather than deliberately designing the space itself. We…

Efficiently compiling quantum operations remains a major bottleneck in scaling quantum computing. Today's state-of-the-art methods achieve low compilation error by combining search algorithms with gradient-based parameter optimization, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Florian Fürrutter , Zohim Chandani , Ikko Hamamura , Hans J. Briegel , Gorka Muñoz-Gil

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as an effective paradigm for enhancing model reasoning. However, existing RL methods like GRPO typically rely on unstructured self-sampling to fit scalar rewards, often producing inefficient rollouts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jinyang Wu , Chonghua Liao , Mingkuan Feng , Shuai Zhang , Zhengqi Wen , Haoran Luo , Ling Yang , Huazhe Xu , Jianhua Tao

We study how to generate molecule conformations (i.e., 3D structures) from a molecular graph. Traditional methods, such as molecular dynamics, sample conformations via computationally expensive simulations. Recently, machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Minkai Xu , Shitong Luo , Yoshua Bengio , Jian Peng , Jian Tang

Denoising diffusion models have shown great potential in multiple research areas. Existing diffusion-based generative methods on de novo 3D molecule generation face two major challenges. Since majority heavy atoms in molecules allow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Can Xu , Haosen Wang , Weigang Wang , Pengfei Zheng , Hongyang Chen

Recent advances in generative models, particularly diffusion and auto-regressive models, have revolutionized fields like computer vision and natural language processing. However, their application to structure-based drug design (SBDD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yi He , Ailun Wang , Zhi Wang , Yu Liu , Xingyuan Xu , Wen Yan

Recent advances in Structure-based Drug Design (SBDD) have leveraged generative models for 3D molecular generation, predominantly evaluating model performance by binding affinity to target proteins. However, practical drug discovery…

Generating new molecules is fundamental to advancing critical applications such as drug discovery and material synthesis. Flows can generate molecules effectively by inverting the encoding process, however, existing flow models either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yogesh Verma , Samuel Kaski , Markus Heinonen , Vikas Garg

Drug discovery is a time-consuming and expensive process, with traditional high-throughput and docking-based virtual screening hampered by low success rates and limited scalability. Recent advances in generative modelling, including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Junkai Ji , Zhangfan Yang , Dong Xu , Ruibin Bai , Jianqiang Li , Tingjun Hou , Zexuan Zhu

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets; GFNs) are a class of generative models that learn to sample compositional objects proportionally to their a priori unknown value, their reward. We focus on the case where the reward has a specified,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Alexandre Larouche , Audrey Durand

Small molecules exhibiting desirable property profiles are often discovered through an iterative process of designing, synthesizing, and testing sets of molecules. The selection of molecules to synthesize from all possible candidates is a…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-29 Jenna C. Fromer , Connor W. Coley

Mass spectrometry (MS) stands as a cornerstone analytical technique for molecular identification, yet de novo structure elucidation from spectra remains challenging due to the combinatorial complexity of chemical space and the inherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jianan Nie , Peng Gao

Generating patent descriptions from scientific papers is challenging due to fundamental rhetorical and structural disparities between the two genres. Existing approaches treat this as surface-level rewriting, failing to capture the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Kris W Pan , Yongmin Yoo

Unconditional molecular generation is a stepping stone for conditional molecular generation, which is important in \emph{de novo} drug design. Recent unconditional 3D molecular generation methods report saturated benchmarks, suggesting it…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-05-02 Martin Buttenschoen , Yael Ziv , Garrett M. Morris , Charlotte M. Deane

Recent advances in machine learning for molecules exhibit great potential for facilitating drug discovery from in silico predictions. Most models for molecule generation rely on the decomposition of molecules into frequently occurring…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Leon Hetzel , Johanna Sommer , Bastian Rieck , Fabian Theis , Stephan Günnemann

Developing new drugs is laborious and costly, demanding extensive time investment. In this paper, we introduce a de-novo drug design strategy, which harnesses the capabilities of language models to devise targeted drugs for specific…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-20 Salma J. Ahmed , Emad A. Mohammed

Sequential dependencies present a fundamental bottleneck in deploying large-scale autoregressive models, particularly for real-time applications. While traditional optimization approaches like pruning and quantization often compromise model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yunhai Hu , Zining Liu , Zhenyuan Dong , Tianfan Peng , Bradley McDanel , Sai Qian Zhang

Retrosynthesis, which aims to identify viable synthetic pathways for target molecules by decomposing them into simpler precursors, is often treated as a search problem. However, its complexity arises from multi-branched tree-structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chengyang Tian , Yuhang Chang , Yangpeng Zhang , Yang Liu

Molecular structure generation is a fundamental problem that involves determining the 3D positions of molecules' constituents. It has crucial biological applications, such as molecular docking, protein folding, and molecular design. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wenyin Zhou , Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Vsevolod Viliuga , Matteo Tadiello , Arne Elofsson , Hossein Azizpour

Generating novel molecules with optimal properties is a crucial step in many industries such as drug discovery. Recently, deep generative models have shown a promising way of performing de-novo molecular design. Although graph generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Rim Assouel , Mohamed Ahmed , Marwin H Segler , Amir Saffari , Yoshua Bengio