Related papers: Nonlinear Rank Scaling and Hidden Structure in NHS…
Since 2018 UK firms with at least 250 employees have been mandated to publicly disclose gender equality indicators. Exploiting variations in this mandate across firm size and time we show that pay transparency closes 18 percent of the…
The growing need for affordable and accessible higher education is a major global challenge for the 21st century. Consequently, there is a need to develop a deeper understanding of the functionality and taxonomy of universities and colleges…
In 2025, the UK Office for National Statistics released a novel dataset of monthly inter-industry payment flows during January 2017 to November 2024 at the 5-digit SIC level (ONS, 2025a), covering $>$3.1 million UK organizations. Annual…
Over the last decade, several regulatory bodies have started requiring the disclosure of non-financial information from publicly listed companies, in light of the investors' increasing attention to Environmental, Social, and Governance…
We present a survey of tools used in the criminal justice system in the UK in three categories: data infrastructure, data analysis, and risk prediction. Many tools are currently in deployment, offering potential benefits, including improved…
Public procurement refers to the purchase by public sector entities, such as government departments or local authorities, of Services, Goods, or Works. It accounts for a significant share of OECD countries' expenditures. However, while…
There is a mounting crisis in delivering affordable healthcare in the US. For decades, key decision makers in the public and private sectors have considered cost-effectiveness in healthcare a top priority. Their actions have focused on…
Network analysis of inter-industry payment flows reveals structural economic relationships invisible to traditional bilateral measurement approaches, with significant implications for real-time economic monitoring. Analysing 532,346 UK…
During an epidemic, the information available to individuals in the society deeply influences their belief of the epidemic spread, and consequently the preventive measures they take to stay safe from the infection. In this paper, we develop…
Machine learning systems are increasingly used to support public sector decision-making across a variety of sectors. Given concerns around accountability in these domains, and amidst accusations of intentional or unintentional bias, there…
We use methods from network science to analyze corruption risk in a large administrative dataset of over 4 million public procurement contracts from European Union member states covering the years 2008-2016. By mapping procurement markets…
Public procurement is vulnerable to error, fraud, and corruption, particularly as high transaction volumes overwhelm oversight. While research often focuses on tender-stage anomalies, post-award payment monitoring remains underexplored.…
Scientific studies of society increasingly rely on digital traces produced by various aspects of human activity. In this paper, we use a relatively unexplored source of data, anonymized records of bank card transactions collected in Spain…
The open data movement constitutes an approach to achieving accountability for government organizations, and is aligned with one of the sustainable development goals outlined by the United Nations. In the area of health care, government…
Due to rapidly rising healthcare costs worldwide, there is significant interest in controlling them. An important aspect concerns price transparency, as preliminary efforts have demonstrated that patients will shop for lower costs, driving…
We investigate the phenomenon of (private, out-of-pocket) "health expenditure rationing", or whether out-of-pocket health expenditures are shaped by income independently of actual health needs. Using microdata from an Italian Health…
Health datasets have immense potential to drive research advancements and improve healthcare outcomes. However, realizing this potential requires careful consideration of governance and ownership frameworks. This article explores the…
Most papers which explored so far macroeconomic variables took into account income and wealth. Equally important as the previous macroeconomic variables is the expenditure or consumption, which shows the amount of goods and services that a…
A key element to understand complex systems is the relationship between the spatial scale of investigation and the structure of the interrelation among its elements. When it comes to economic systems, it is now well-known that the…
Algorithmic systems make decisions that have a great impact in our lives. As our dependency on them is growing so does the need for transparency and holding them accountable. This paper presents a model for evaluating how transparent these…