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Malicious URL detection remains a major challenge in cybersecurity, primarily due to two factors: (1) the exponential growth of the Internet has led to an immense diversity of URLs, making generalized detection increasingly difficult; and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Ye Tian , Yifan Jia , Yanbin Wang , Jianguo Sun , Zhiquan Liu , Xiaowen Ling

Malicious URL detection remains a critical cybersecurity challenge as adversaries increasingly employ sophisticated evasion techniques including obfuscation, character-level perturbations, and adversarial attacks. Although pre-trained…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Ye Tian , Yanqiu Yu , Liangliang Song , Zhiquan Liu , Yanbin Wang , Jianguo Sun

Machine learning progress is advancing the detection of malicious URLs. However, advanced Transformers applied to URLs face difficulties in extracting local information, character-level details, and structural relationships. To address…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Ruitong Liu , Yanbin Wang , Zhenhao Guo , Haitao Xu , Zhan Qin , Wenrui Ma , Fan Zhang

Malicious URL detection and webpage classification are critical tasks in cybersecurity and information management. In recent years, extensive research has explored using BERT or similar language models to replace traditional machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yujie Li , Yiwei Liu , Peiyue Li , Yifan Jia , Yanbin Wang

Malicious domains are increasingly common and pose a severe cybersecurity threat. Specifically, many types of current cyber attacks use URLs for attack communications (e.g., C\&C, phishing, and spear-phishing). Despite the continuous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Chen Hajaj , Nitay Hason , Nissim Harel , Amit Dvir

Malicious URLs host unsolicited content and are used to perpetrate cybercrimes. It is imperative to detect them in a timely manner. Traditionally, this is done through the usage of blacklists, which cannot be exhaustive, and cannot detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-03-05 Hung Le , Quang Pham , Doyen Sahoo , Steven C. H. Hoi

Malicious URLs remain a primary vector for phishing, malware, and cyberthreats. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework combining \texttt{HashingVectorizer} n-gram analysis, SMOTE balancing, Isolation Forest anomaly filtering,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Berkani Khaled , Zeraoulia Rafik

Malicious URLs pose significant security risks as they facilitate phishing attacks, distribute malware, and empower attackers to deface websites. Blacklist detection methods fail to identify new or obfuscated URLs because they depend on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Md. Ifthekhar Hossain , Kazi Abdullah Al Arafat , Bryce Shepard , Kayd Craig , Imtiaz Parvez

Malicious URL detection is an emerging research area due to continuous modernization of various systems, for instance, Edge Computing. In this article, we present a novel malicious URL detection technique, called deepBF (deep learning and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Ripon Patgiri , Anupam Biswas , Sabuzima Nayak

With the rapid expansion of web-based applications and cloud services, malicious JavaScript code continues to pose significant threats to user privacy, system integrity, and enterprise security. But, detecting such threats remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Zhihong Liang , Xin Wang , Zhenhuang Hu , Liangliang Song , Lin Chen , Jingjing Guo , Yanbin Wang , Ye Tian

Webshells remain a primary foothold for attackers to compromise servers, particularly within PHP ecosystems. However, existing detection mechanisms often struggle to keep pace with rapid variant evolution and sophisticated obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yizhong Ding

Malicious URLs persistently threaten the cybersecurity ecosystem, by either deceiving users into divulging private data or distributing harmful payloads to infiltrate host systems. Gaining timely insights into the current state of this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Ye Tian , Yanqiu Yu , Jianguo Sun , Yanbin Wang

Malicious advertisement URLs pose a security risk since they are the source of cyber-attacks, and the need to address this issue is growing in both industry and academia. Generally, the attacker delivers an attack vector to the user by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Ehsan Nowroozi , Abhishek , Mohammadreza Mohammadi , Mauro Conti

Cybersecurity is one of the global issues because of the extensive dependence on cyber systems of individuals, industries, and organizations. Among the cyber attacks, phishing is increasing tremendously and affecting the global economy.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Md Robiul Islam , Md Mahamodul Islam , Mst. Suraiya Afrin , Anika Antara , Nujhat Tabassum , Al Amin

Toxicity detection mitigates the dissemination of toxic content (e.g., hateful comments, posts, and messages within online social actions) to safeguard a healthy online social environment. However, malicious users persistently develop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hankun Kang , Xin Miao , Jianhao Chen , Jintao Wen , Mayi Xu , Weiyu Zhang , Wenpeng Lu , Tieyun Qian

The proliferation of mobile devices and online interactions have been threatened by different cyberattacks, where phishing attacks and malicious Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) pose significant risks to user security. Traditional phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Wenye Guo , Qun Wang , Hao Yue , Haijian Sun , Rose Qingyang Hu

Web attack detection is the first line of defense for securing web applications, designed to preemptively identify malicious activities. Deep learning-based approaches are increasingly popular for their advantages: automatically learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Kangqiang Luo , Yi Xie , Shiqian Zhao , Jing Pan

Detecting and classifying suspicious or malicious domain names and URLs is fundamental task in cybersecurity. To leverage such indicators of compromise, cybersecurity vendors and practitioners often maintain and update blacklists of known…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Abdelkader El Mahdaouy , Salima Lamsiyah , Meryem Janati Idrissi , Hamza Alami , Zakaria Yartaoui , Ismail Berrada

Malicious websites are responsible for a majority of the cyber-attacks and scams today. Malicious URLs are delivered to unsuspecting users via email, text messages, pop-ups or advertisements. Clicking on or crawling such URLs can result in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Apoorva Joshi , Levi Lloyd , Paul Westin , Srini Seethapathy

Web parameter injection attacks are common and powerful. In this kind of attacks, malicious attackers can employ HTTP requests to implement attacks against servers by injecting some malicious codes into the parameters of the HTTP requests.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Wei Rong , Bowen Zhang , Xixiang Lv
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