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Histopathological evaluation of tissue samples is a key practice in patient diagnosis and drug development, especially in oncology. Historically, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) has been used by pathologists as a gold standard staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Amal Lahiani , Jacob Gildenblat , Irina Klaman , Shadi Albarqouni , Nassir Navab , Eldad Klaiman

Pathological diagnosis relies on the visual inspection of histologically stained thin tissue specimens, where different types of stains are applied to bring contrast to and highlight various desired histological features. However, the…

Medical Physics · Physics 2022-08-18 Xilin Yang , Bijie Bai , Yijie Zhang , Yuzhu Li , Kevin de Haan , Tairan Liu , Aydogan Ozcan

Color inconsistency is an inevitable challenge in computational pathology, which generally happens because of stain intensity variations or sections scanned by different scanners. It harms the pathological image analysis methods, especially…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-01 Bingchao Zhao , Jiatai Lin , Changhong Liang , Zongjian Yi , Xin Chen , Bingbing Li , Weihao Qiu , Danyi Li , Li Liang , Chu Han , Zaiyi Liu

Histopathology image analysis is fundamental to digital pathology, with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining as the gold standard for diagnostic and prognostic assessments. While H&E imaging effectively highlights cellular and tissue…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Yao Du , Jiaxin Zhuang , Xiaoyu Zheng , Jing Cong , Limei Guo , Chao He , Lin Luo , Xiaomeng Li

Traditional staining normalization approaches, e.g. Macenko, typically rely on the choice of a single representative reference image, which may not adequately account for the diverse staining patterns of datasets collected in practical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-11 Desislav Ivanov , Carlo Alberto Barbano , Marco Grangetto

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a widely used sample preparation procedure for enhancing the saturation of tissue sections and the contrast between nuclei and cytoplasm in histology images for medical diagnostics. However, various…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-18 Fangda Li , Zhiqiang Hu , Wen Chen , Avinash Kak

Virtual staining of histopathology images (e.g., H&E-IHC) is an emerging tool in digital pathology, enabling faster and cheaper workflows by synthesizing target stains from routinely acquired slides. Yet, the quality of virtual staining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Fedor Gubanov , Svetlana Illarionova , Vlad Kozlovskiy , Mikhail Romanov , Yersultan Akhmetov , Aida Akaeva , Vyacheslav Grinevich , Rifat Hamoudi , Maxim Sharaev

Sensitivity to staining variation remains a major barrier to deploying computational pathology (CPath) models as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining varies across laboratories, requiring systematic assessment of how this variability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Lydia A. Schönpflug , Nikki van den Berg , Sonali Andani , Nanda Horeweg , Jurriaan Barkey Wolf , Tjalling Bosse , Viktor H. Koelzer , Maxime W. Lafarge

Digitized Histological diagnosis is in increasing demand. However, color variations due to various factors are imposing obstacles to the diagnosis process. The problem of stain color variations is a well-defined problem with many proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-06 M Tarek Shaban , Christoph Baur , Nassir Navab , Shadi Albarqouni

Histopathological cancer diagnosis is based on visual examination of stained tissue slides. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) is a standard stain routinely employed worldwide. It is easy to acquire and cost effective, but cells and tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Zhaoyang Xu , Xingru Huang , Carlos Fernández Moro , Béla Bozóky , Qianni Zhang

The process of digitising histology slides involves multiple factors that can affect a whole slide image's (WSI) final appearance, including the staining protocol, scanner, and tissue type. This variability constitutes a domain shift and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Manahil Raza , Saad Bashir , Talha Qaiser , Nasir Rajpoot

Conventional hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining is limited to revealing cell morphology and distribution, whereas immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides precise and specific visualization of protein activation at the molecular level.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Fuqiang Chen , Ranran Zhang , Boyun Zheng , Yiwen Sun , Jiahui He , Wenjian Qin

Histopathology relies on the analysis of microscopic tissue images to diagnose disease. A crucial part of tissue preparation is staining whereby a dye is used to make the salient tissue components more distinguishable. However, differences…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-03 Haseeb Nazki , Ognjen Arandjelović , InHwa Um , David Harrison

Histological examination is a crucial step in an autopsy; however, the traditional histochemical staining of post-mortem samples faces multiple challenges, including the inferior staining quality due to autolysis caused by delayed fixation…

Accurate histopathological diagnosis often requires multiple differently stained tissue sections, a process that is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and environmentally taxing due to the use of multiple chemical stains. Recently, virtual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jiabo MA , Wenqiang Li , Jinbang Li , Ziyi Liu , Linshan Wu , Fengtao Zhou , Li Liang , Ronald Cheong Kin Chan , Terence T. W. Wong , Hao Chen

The analysis of FFPE tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential part of the pathologic assessment of surgically resected breast cancer specimens. IHC staining has been broadly…

With the advent of digital scanners and deep learning, diagnostic operations may move from a microscope to a desktop. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is one of the most frequently used stains for disease analysis, diagnosis, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Shikha Dubey , Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is the cornerstone of histopathology but lacks molecular specificity. While Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides molecular insights, it is costly and complex, motivating H&E-to-IHC translation as a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Erik Großkopf , Valay Bundele , Mehran Hosseinzadeh , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

In digital pathology, different staining procedures and scanners cause substantial color variations in whole-slide images (WSIs), especially across different laboratories. These color shifts result in a poor generalization of deep…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-27 Sophia J. Wagner , Nadieh Khalili , Raghav Sharma , Melanie Boxberg , Carsten Marr , Walter de Back , Tingying Peng

According to some medical imaging techniques, breast histopathology images called Hematoxylin and Eosin are considered as the gold standard for cancer diagnoses. Based on the idea of dividing the pathologic image (WSI) into multiple…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-13 Tat-Bao-Thien Nguyen , Minh-Vuong Ngo , Van-Phong Nguyen