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The rise of generative artificial intelligence, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has intensified the imperative to scrutinize fairness alongside accuracy. Recent studies have begun to investigate fairness evaluations for LLMs…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-31 Chandan Kumar Sah , Lian Xiaoli , Muhammad Mirajul Islam

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks. However, the truthfulness of their outputs is not guaranteed, and their tendency toward overconfidence further limits reliability. Uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Qi Cao , Andrew Gambardella , Takeshi Kojima , Yutaka Matsuo , Yusuke Iwasawa

Language Models (LMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Despite these advancements, LMs can inherit and amplify societal biases related to sensitive attributes such as gender…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zhipeng Yin , Zichong Wang , Avash Palikhe , Wenbin Zhang

Large language models have demonstrated significant potential as the next-generation information access engines. However, their reliability is hindered by issues of hallucination and generating non-factual content. This is particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in financial contexts, raising critical concerns about reliability, alignment, and susceptibility to adversarial manipulation. While prior finance-related benchmarks assess LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaoyu Hu , Jinman Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) often reflect real-world biases, leading to efforts to mitigate these effects and make the models unbiased. Achieving this goal requires defining clear criteria for an unbiased state, with any deviation from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Changgeon Ko , Jisu Shin , Hoyun Song , Jeongyeon Seo , Jong C. Park

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in financial research workflows, where their role is evolving from single-model assistance for human analysts toward autonomous collaboration among multiple agents. Yet real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yiyun Zhu , Yidong Jiang , Ziwen Xu , Yinsheng Yao , Dawei Cheng , Jinru Ding , Jie Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate overly cautious and vague responses on sensitive topics, sacrificing helpfulness for safety. Existing evaluation frameworks lack systematic methods to identify and address specific weaknesses in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Juhyun Oh , Nayeon Lee , Chani Jung , Jiho Jin , Junho Myung , Jongwon Lee , Taeui Song , Alice Oh

Recent advances show that large language models (LLMs) generalize strong performance across different natural language benchmarks. However, the large size of LLMs makes training and inference expensive and impractical to run in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Laurence Liang

Past work has studied the effects of fine-tuning on large language models' (LLMs) overall performance on certain tasks. However, a quantitative and systematic method for analyzing its effect on individual outputs is still lacking. Here, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Felipe Nuti , Tim Franzmeyer , João Henriques

Employing Large Language Models (LLM) in various downstream applications such as classification is crucial, especially for smaller companies lacking the expertise and resources required for fine-tuning a model. Fairness in LLMs helps ensure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Garima Chhikara , Anurag Sharma , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Abhijnan Chakraborty

Scaling test-time computation--generating and analyzing multiple or sequential outputs for a single input--has become a promising strategy for improving the reliability and quality of large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sungjae Lee , Hoyoung Kim , Jeongyeon Hwang , Eunhyeok Park , Jungseul Ok

Recent progress in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been driven by the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), which exhibit remarkable generative and reasoning capabilities. However, despite their success, evaluating the true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Mikel Zubillaga , Naiara Perez , Oscar Sainz , German Rigau

Standard evaluations of Large language models (LLMs) focus on task performance, offering limited insight into whether correct behavior reflects appropriate underlying mechanisms and risking confirmation bias. We introduce a simple,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zoë Prins , Samuele Punzo , Frank Wildenburg , Giovanni Cinà , Sandro Pezzelle

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable fluency and competence across various natural language tasks. However, recent research has highlighted their sensitivity to variations in input prompts. To deploy LLMs in a safe and reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Harsh Raj , Vipul Gupta , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to exhibit various biases and stereotypes in their generated content. While extensive research has investigated biases in LLMs, prior work has predominantly focused on explicit bias, with minimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yachao Zhao , Bo Wang , Yan Wang , Dongming Zhao , Ruifang He , Yuexian Hou

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) underscores the urgent need to ensure their fairness. However, LLMs frequently present dominant viewpoints while ignoring alternative perspectives from minority parties, resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Tianlin Li , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Qian Liu , Qing Guo , Chao Shen , Yang Liu

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across diverse tasks. However, their deployment in long-context scenarios faces high computational overhead and information redundancy. While soft prompt compression has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiwei Tang , Zhijing Huang , Xinyu Zhang , Chen Jason Zhang , Jianxing Yu , Libin Zheng , Rui Meng , Jian Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate biased and toxic responses. Yet most prior work on LLM gender bias evaluation requires predefined gender-related phrases or gender stereotypes, which are challenging to be comprehensively collected…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xiangjue Dong , Yibo Wang , Philip S. Yu , James Caverlee