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Recent advances in test-time scaling suggest that Large Language Models (LLMs) can gain better capabilities by generating Chain-of-Thought reasoning (analogous to human thinking) to respond a given request, and meanwhile exploring more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuhang Wang , Youhe Jiang , Bin Cui , Fangcheng Fu

The reasoning capabilities of large reasoning models (LRMs), such as OpenAI's o1 and DeepSeek-R1, have seen substantial advancements through deep thinking. However, these enhancements come with significant resource demands, underscoring the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Wenrui Cai , Chengyu Wang , Junbing Yan , Jun Huang , Xiangzhong Fang

Long chain-of-thought (Long-CoT) reasoning improves accuracy in LLMs, yet its verbose, self-reflective style often hinders effective distillation into small language models (SLMs). We revisit Long-CoT compression through the lens of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Shangziqi Zhao , Jiahao Yuan , Jinyang Wu , Zhenglin Wang , Guisong Yang , Usman Naseem

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by prompting intermediate steps, improving accuracy and robustness in arithmetic, logic, and commonsense tasks. However, this benefit comes with high computational…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Kerui Huang , Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Tongtong Xu , Lingfeng Bao , Xin Xia

While Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in solving complex tasks through the generation of long reasoning chains, this reliance on verbose generation results in significant latency and computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Runquan Gui , Jie Wang , Zhihai Wang , Chi Ma , Jianye Hao , Feng Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their remarkable capabilities, rely on singular, pre-dominant reasoning paradigms, hindering their performance on intricate problems that demand diverse cognitive strategies. To address this, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zishan Ahmad , Saisubramaniam Gopalakrishnan

Recent large reasoning models (LRMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities through reinforcement learning (RL). These improvements have primarily been observed within the short-context reasoning tasks. In contrast, extending LRMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Fanqi Wan , Weizhou Shen , Shengyi Liao , Yingcheng Shi , Chenliang Li , Ziyi Yang , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou , Ming Yan

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) underscore the need for stronger reasoning capabilities to solve complex problems effectively. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has been a step forward, it remains insufficient for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Matan Vetzler , Koren Lazar , Guy Uziel , Eran Hirsch , Ateret Anaby-Tavor , Leshem Choshen

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and automated decision-making. However, these models still encounter difficulties when performing complex reasoning tasks involving logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yubo Dong , Hehe Fan

Chain-of-thought (CoT) decoding enables language models to improve reasoning performance at the cost of high generation latency in decoding. Recent proposals have explored variants of contemplation tokens, a term we introduce that refers to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Jeffrey Cheng , Benjamin Van Durme

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) excel at solving complex problems by explicitly generating a reasoning trace before deriving the final answer. However, these extended generations incur substantial memory footprint and computational overhead,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhenyuan Guo , Tong Chen , Wenlong Meng , Chen Gong , Xin Yu , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen

Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based post-training has significantly advanced the complex reasoning capabilities of language models, fostering sophisticated self-reflection processes. However, this ``slow thinking'' paradigm presents a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Xu Wan , Wei Wang , Wenyue Xu , Wotao Yin , Jie Song , Mingyang Sun

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has driven recent gains of large language models (LLMs) on reasoning-intensive tasks by externalizing intermediate steps. However, excessive or redundant reasoning -- so-called overthinking -- can increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Renliang Sun , Wei Cheng , Dawei Li , Haifeng Chen , Wei Wang

O1/R1 style large reasoning models (LRMs) signal a substantial leap forward over conventional instruction-following LLMs. By applying test-time scaling to generate extended reasoning paths, they establish many SOTAs across a wide range of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Wei Han , Geng Zhan , Sicheng Yu , Chenyu Wang , Bryan Hooi

Generative retrieval (GR) is an emerging paradigm that leverages large language models (LLMs) to autoregressively generate document identifiers (docids) relevant to a given query. Prior works have focused on leveraging the generative…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yingchen Zhang , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Wenjun Peng , Sen Li , Fuyu Lv

Recent trends in test-time scaling for reasoning models (e.g., OpenAI o1, DeepSeek-R1) have led to remarkable improvements through long Chain-of-Thought (CoT). However, existing benchmarks mainly focus on immediate, single-horizon tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yi Lu , Jianing Wang , Linsen Guo , Wei He , Hongyin Tang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang , Xuezhi Cao , Wei Wang , Xunliang Cai

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures within Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved impressive reasoning capabilities by selectively activating experts to facilitate structured cognitive processes. Despite notable advances, existing…

Recent advances have shown that optimizing prompts for Large Language Models (LLMs) can significantly improve task performance, yet many optimization techniques rely on heuristics or manual exploration. We present LatentPrompt, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Mateusz Bystroński , Grzegorz Piotrowski , Nitesh V. Chawla , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance via extended chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, yet suffer from excessive token consumption and high inference latency. Existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches for CoT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tingcheng Bian , Yuzhe Zhang , Jing Jin , Jinchang Luo , MingQuan Cheng , Haiwei Wang , Wenyuan Jiang , Miaohui Wang

Recent large language models have shown promising capabilities in long-form reasoning, following structured chains of thought before arriving at a final answer. However, we observe that these reasoning paths tend to include substantial…

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