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Self-attention in transformer models is an incremental associative memory that maps key vectors to value vectors. One way to speed up self-attention is to employ GPU-compatible vector search algorithms based on standard partitioning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Pierre-Emmanuel Mazaré , Gergely Szilvasy , Maria Lomeli , Francisco Massa , Naila Murray , Hervé Jégou , Matthijs Douze

Attention layers are widely used in natural language processing (NLP) and are beginning to influence computer vision architectures. Training very large transformer models allowed significant improvement in both fields, but once trained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Jean-Baptiste Cordonnier , Andreas Loukas , Martin Jaggi

Foundational models based on the transformer architecture are currently the state-of-the-art in general language modeling, as well as in scientific areas such as material science and climate. However, training and deploying these models is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Adarsha Balaji , Sandeep Madireddy , Prasanna Balaprakash

Vision transformer (ViT) expands the success of transformer models from sequential data to images. The model decomposes an image into many smaller patches and arranges them into a sequence. Multi-head self-attentions are then applied to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Yiran Li , Junpeng Wang , Xin Dai , Liang Wang , Chin-Chia Michael Yeh , Yan Zheng , Wei Zhang , Kwan-Liu Ma

Point cloud registration is a fundamental task in the fields of computer vision and robotics. Recent developments in transformer-based methods have demonstrated enhanced performance in this domain. However, the standard attention mechanism…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Meiling Wang , Guangyan Chen , Yi Yang , Li Yuan , Yufeng Yue

Recent Vision Transformer (ViT)-based methods for Image Super-Resolution have demonstrated impressive performance. However, they suffer from significant complexity, resulting in high inference times and memory usage. Additionally, ViT…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Jeongsoo Kim , Jongho Nang , Junsuk Choe

Self-attention serves as the core foundation of large-scale transformer pretraining, but its quadratic token interaction cost makes inference expensive. Replacing attention with simpler sequential modules is appealing, yet naive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuxin Ren , Maxwell D Collins , Miao Hu , Huanrui Yang

Transformer encoders are widely deployed in large-scale web services for natural language understanding tasks such as text classification, semantic retrieval, and content ranking. However, their high inference latency and memory consumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Zeli Su , Ziyin Zhang , Wenzheng Zhang , Zhou Liu , Guixian Xu , Wentao Zhang

Despite the recent success in many applications, the high computational requirements of vision transformers limit their use in resource-constrained settings. While many existing methods improve the quadratic complexity of attention, in most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Dmitrii Marin , Jen-Hao Rick Chang , Anurag Ranjan , Anish Prabhu , Mohammad Rastegari , Oncel Tuzel

A few models have tried to tackle the link prediction problem, also known as knowledge graph completion, by embedding knowledge graphs in comparably lower dimensions. However, the state-of-the-art results are attained at the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Peyman Baghershahi , Reshad Hosseini , Hadi Moradi

Vision transformers have gained significant attention and achieved state-of-the-art performance in various computer vision tasks, including image classification, instance segmentation, and object detection. However, challenges remain in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Badri N. Patro , Vijay Srinivas Agneeswaran

Multi-scale Vision Transformer (ViT) has emerged as a powerful backbone for computer vision tasks, while the self-attention computation in Transformer scales quadratically w.r.t. the input patch number. Thus, existing solutions commonly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Ting Yao , Yingwei Pan , Yehao Li , Chong-Wah Ngo , Tao Mei

Scaling Transformers to ultra-long contexts is bottlenecked by the $O(n^2 d)$ cost of self-attention. Existing methods reduce this cost along the sequence axis through local windows, kernel approximations, or token-level sparsity, but these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yan Xie , Tiansheng Wen , Tangda Huang , Bo Chen , Chenyu You , Stefanie Jegelka , Yifei Wang

Fully supervised change detection methods have achieved significant advancements in performance, yet they depend severely on acquiring costly pixel-level labels. Considering that the patch-level annotations also contain abundant information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Zhenglai Li , Chang Tang , Xinwang Liu , Changdong Li , Xianju Li , Wei Zhang

The versatility of self-attention mechanism earned transformers great success in almost all data modalities, with limitations on the quadratic complexity and difficulty of training. Efficient transformers, on the other hand, often rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Minh Lenhat , Viet Anh Nguyen , Khoa Nguyen , Duong Duc Hieu , Dao Huu Hung , Truong Son Hy

Transformer networks are rapidly becoming SotA in many fields, such as NLP and CV. Similarly to CNN, there is a strong push for deploying Transformer models at the extreme edge, ultimately fitting the tiny power budget and memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Victor J. B. Jung , Alessio Burrello , Moritz Scherer , Francesco Conti , Luca Benini

The rapid progress seen in terms of large-scale generative AI is largely based on the attention mechanism. It is conversely non-trivial to conceive small-scale applications for which attention-based architectures outperform traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Claudius Gros

The attention module in vision transformers(ViTs) performs intricate spatial correlations, contributing significantly to accuracy and delay. It is thereby important to modulate the number of attentions according to the input feature…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Abhishek Moitra , Abhiroop Bhattacharjee , Priyadarshini Panda

Recent advances in image-level self-supervised learning (SSL) have made significant progress, yet learning dense representations for patches remains challenging. Mainstream methods encounter an over-dispersion phenomenon that patches from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Peisong Wen , Qianqian Xu , Siran Dai , Runmin Cong , Qingming Huang

Scaling video diffusion transformers (DiTs) is limited by their quadratic 3D attention, even though most of the attention mass concentrates on a small subset of positions. We turn this observation into VSA, a trainable, hardware-efficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Peiyuan Zhang , Yongqi Chen , Haofeng Huang , Will Lin , Zhengzhong Liu , Ion Stoica , Eric Xing , Hao Zhang