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The convergence of information and communication technologies has introduced new and advanced capabilities to Industrial Control Systems. However, concurrently, it has heightened their vulnerability to cyber attacks. Consequently, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Pavlos Cheimonidis , Kontantinos Rantos

While attack graphs are useful for identifying major cybersecurity threats affecting a system, they do not provide operational support for determining the likelihood of having a known vulnerability exploited, or that critical system nodes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Francesco Vitale , Simone Guarino , Stefano Perone , Massimiliano Rak , Nicola Mazzocca

Common Vulnerability and Exposure (CVE) records are fundamental to cybersecurity, offering unique identifiers for publicly known software and system vulnerabilities. Each CVE is typically assigned a Common Vulnerability Scoring System…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Francesco Marchiori , Denis Donadel , Mauro Conti

The exponential growth of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) disclosures poses significant challenges for enterprise security management, necessitating automated and quantitative risk assessment methodologies. Existing vulnerability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wanru Shao

Proactive cyber-risk assessment is gaining momentum due to the wide range of sectors that can benefit from the prevention of cyber-incidents by preserving integrity, confidentiality, and the availability of data. The rising attention to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-11 Mario Angelelli , Serena Arima , Christian Catalano , Enrico Ciavolino

Measuring and evaluating network resilience has become an important aspect since the network is vulnerable to both uncertain disturbances and malicious attacks. Networked systems are often composed of many dynamic components and change over…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Shanqing Jiang , Lin Yang , Guang Cheng , Xianming Gao , Tao Feng , Yuyang Zhou

Industrial components are of high importance because they control critical infrastructures that form the lifeline of modern societies. However, the rapid evolution of industrial components, together with the new paradigm of Industry 4.0,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Ángel Longueira-Romero , Rosa Iglesias , Jose Luis Flores , Iñaki Garitano

According to different typologies of activity and priority, risks can assume diverse meanings and it can be assessed in different ways. In general risk is measured in terms of a probability combination of an event (frequency) and its…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 C. E. Bonafede , P. Giudici

The relentless process of tracking and remediating vulnerabilities is a top concern for cybersecurity professionals. The key challenge is trying to identify a remediation scheme specific to in-house, organizational objectives. Without a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Corren McCoy , Ross Gore , Michael L. Nelson , Michele C. Weigle

Cybersecurity threats are increasingly marked by interdependence, uncertainty, and evolving complexity challenges that traditional assessment methods such as CVSS, STRIDE, and attack trees fail to adequately capture. This paper reviews the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Sangita Sridar

Cyberattacks on industrial control systems (ICS) have been drawing attention in academia. However, this has not raised adequate concerns among some industrial practitioners. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the vulnerable locations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 He Wen

We present a novel idea on adequacy testing called ``{vulnerability coverage}.'' The introduced coverage measure examines the underlying software for the presence of certain classes of vulnerabilities often found in the National…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Shuvalaxmi Dass , Akbar Siami Namin

Context: Coordination is a fundamental tenet of software engineering. Coordination is required also for identifying discovered and disclosed software vulnerabilities with Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs). Motivated by recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Jukka Ruohonen , Sampsa Rauti , Sami Hyrynsalmi , Ville Leppänen

Model comparison is the cornerstone of theoretical progress in psychological research. Common practice overwhelmingly relies on tools that evaluate competing models by balancing in-sample descriptive adequacy against model flexibility, with…

Applications · Statistics 2021-10-11 Viet-Hung Dao , David Gunawan , Minh-Ngoc Tran , Robert Kohn , Guy E. Hawkins , Scott D. Brown

Critical infrastructure increasingly relies on interconnected cyber-physical systems whose security incidents can escalate rapidly into safety and operational failures. Existing decision-support approaches struggle to support real-time…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Shaofei Huang , Christopher M. Poskitt , Lwin Khin Shar

Identifying the vulnerabilities exploited during cyberattacks is essential for enabling timely responses and effective mitigation in software security. This paper directly examines the process of predicting software vulnerabilities,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Refat Othman , Diaeddin Rimawi , Bruno Rossi , Barbara Russo

Testing is the most widely employed method to find vulnerabilities in real-world software programs. Compositional analysis, based on symbolic execution, is an automated testing method to find vulnerabilities in medium- to large-scale…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-07-25 Saahil Ognawala , Ricardo Nales Amato , Alexander Pretschner , Pooja Kulkarni

Identifying the impact scope and scale is critical for software supply chain vulnerability assessment. However, existing studies face substantial limitations. First, prior studies either work at coarse package-level granularity, producing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Bonan Ruan , Zhiwei Lin , Jiahao Liu , Chuqi Zhang , Kaihang Ji , Zhenkai Liang

We review the current status and research challenges in the area of cyber security often called continuous monitoring and risk scoring (CMRS). We focus on two most salient aspects of CMRS. First, continuous collection of data through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-12-29 Alexander Kott , Curtis Arnold

The rise of cyber threats on social media platforms necessitates advanced metrics to assess and mitigate social cyber vulnerabilities. This paper presents the Social Cyber Vulnerability Index (SCVI), a novel framework integrating…