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Virtual oscillator control is the latest control technique for grid-forming inverters. Virtual Oscillator based Controllers (VOCs) provide all the steady-state droop functionalities of conventional droop controllers and, in addition, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-07 Ritwik Ghosh , Narsa Reddy Tummuru , Bharat Singh Rajpuohit

The synchronized operation of power generators is the foundation of electric power network stability and a key to the prevention of undesired power outages and blackouts. Here, we derive the conditions that guarantee synchronization in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-01 Amirhossein Sajadi , Rick Wallace Kenyon , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Virtual Oscillator (VO) control is the latest and promising control technique for grid-forming and grid-supporting inverters. VO Controllers (VOCs) provide time-domain synchronization with a connected electrical network. At the same time, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-25 Ritwik Ghosh , Narsa Reddy Tummuru , Bharat Singh Rajpuohit

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

Synchronisation of parallel grid-forming inverters is crucial for stable operation of future power systems. This includes accurate and robust reactive power sharing under realistic operating conditions such as impedance mismatch and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-25 E. D. Gomez Anccas , E. A. MacPherson , J. Tegeler , K. Röbert , M. Fischer , C. A. Hans , D. Schulz

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

This paper presents a novel strategy for the synchronization of grid-following Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) in power systems with low rotational inertia. The proposed synchronization unit is based on emulating the physical properties of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-30 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

With the fast-increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs), the voltage support capability of the grid following (GFL) IBRs under low voltage ride through (LVRT) control significantly influences the transient voltage stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Fangyuan Sun , Ruisheng Diao , Ruiyuan Zeng , Jing Zhang , Jianguo Qian

The active and reactive power controllers of grid-forming converters are traditionally designed separately, which relies on the assumption of loop decoupling. This paper proposes a full-state feedback control for the power loops of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-13 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Frede Blaabjerg

In this article, a nonlinear strategy based on a flatness approach is used for controlling the instantaneous complex power supplied from the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) to a weak grid. To this end, the strategy introduced by the authors…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-10 Sebastian Gomez Jorge , Jorge A. Solsona , Claudio A. Busada , Gerardo Tapia-Otaegui , Ana Susperregui , M. Itsaso Martínez

The existing decentralized control for cascaded inverters is based on the assumption that all modules have same capacities, and a local fixed-amplitude-varied-phase voltage control is adopted for each inverter module. However, available…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-12-21 Xiaochao Hou , Yao Sun , Xin Zhang , Jinsong He , Josep Pou

Integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) which lack the intrinsic characteristics such as the inertial response of the traditional synchronous-generator (SG) based sources presents a new challenge in the form of analyzing the grid…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Satish Vedula , Ayobami Olajube , Olugbenga Anubi

In recent years, the contribution of renewable energy resources to the electrical grid has increased drastically; the most common of these are photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines. These resources rely on inverters to interface with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 John Slane , Adam Mate

Power electronic converters are becoming the main components of modern power systems due to the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. However, power converters may become unstable when interacting with the complex and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-09 Feiran Zhao , Ruohan Leng , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Keyou You , Florian Dörfler

In contrast to grid-following inverters, Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) perform well under weak grid conditions but may become unstable when the grid is strong. Grid strength depends on grid impedance, which unfortunately varies over…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Quang-Manh Hoang , Van Nam Nguyen , Taehyung Kim , Guilherme Vieira Hollweg , Wencong Su , Van-Hai Bui

With an increasing share of renewable energy sources, accurate and efficient modeling of grid-forming inverters is becoming crucial for system stability. Linear methods are a powerful tool for understanding dynamics close to an operating…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-30 Jakob Niehues , Anna Büttner , Anne Riegler , Frank Hellmann

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents the development of "Control-Sync," a novel firmware for universal inverters in microgrids, designed to enhance grid stability and flexibility. As hybrid PV-battery systems become increasingly prevalent, there is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Fariba Fateh

This paper presents a novel grid-forming voltage control strategy for a battery energy storage system to maintain balanced three-phase output voltages when serving unbalanced loads. A stationary reference frame ($\alpha \beta$) based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-23 Bei Xu , Victor Paduani , Hui Yu , David Lubkeman , Ning Lu

There is an ongoing trend of reduction in short circuit power at the grid connection point due to decommissioning of synchronous generation plants causing system strength issues in wind power plants. Whereas wind power plant rating and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-05 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Guangya Yang , Thyge Knueppel