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Diffusion language models (DLMs) generate tokens in parallel through iterative denoising, which can reduce latency and enable bidirectional conditioning. However, the safety risks posed by jailbreak attacks that exploit this inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Shojiro Yamabe , Jun Sakuma

Large language models exhibit systematic vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks despite extensive safety alignment. We provide a mechanistic analysis revealing that position-dependent gradient weakening during autoregressive training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Thong Bach , Dung Nguyen , Thao Minh Le , Truyen Tran

Contextual adaptation in token embeddings plays a central role in determining how well language models maintain coherence and retain semantic relationships over extended text sequences. Static embeddings often impose constraints on lexical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Koinis Vassilis , Godfrey Milbourne , Harriet Featherstone , Xanthe Peverell , Yorick Bletchley , Zachary Montford

Large language models produce em dashes at varying rates, and the observation that some models "overuse" them has become one of the most widely discussed markers of AI-generated text. Yet no mechanistic account of this pattern exists, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 E. M. Freeburg

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to impressive alignment where models learn to distinguish harmful from harmless queries through supervised finetuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Jiahao Yu , Haozheng Luo , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Wenbo Guo , Han Liu , Xinyu Xing

Language models (LMs) are increasingly extended with new learnable vocabulary tokens for domain-specific tasks, such as Semantic-ID tokens in generative recommendation. The standard practice initializes these new tokens as the mean of…

As large language models become integral to high-stakes applications, ensuring their robustness and fairness is critical. Despite their success, large language models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where small perturbations, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Danqing Chen , Tobias Ladner , Ahmed Rayen Mhadhbi , Matthias Althoff

The prevailing assumption of an exponential decay in large language model (LLM) reliability with sequence length, predicated on independent per-token error probabilities, posits an inherent limitation for long autoregressive outputs. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Mikhail L. Arbuzov , Sisong Bei , Ziwei Dong , Dmitri Kalaev , Alexey A. Shvets

Spoken language understanding (SLU) datasets, like many other machine learning datasets, usually suffer from the label imbalance problem. Label imbalance usually causes the learned model to replicate similar biases at the output which…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-11 Leda Sarı , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson

Large Language Models have demonstrated impressive fluency across diverse tasks, yet their tendency to produce toxic content remains a critical challenge for AI safety and public trust. Existing toxicity mitigation approaches primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Zuhair Hasan Shaik , Abdullah Mazhar , Aseem Srivastava , Md Shad Akhtar

Pretraining large language models (LLMs) with next-token prediction has led to remarkable advances, yet the context-dependent nature of token embeddings in such models results in high intra-class variance and inter-class similarity, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yan Sun , Guoxia Wang , Jinle Zeng , JiaBin Yang , Shuai Li , Li Shen , Dacheng Tao , DianHai Yu , Haifeng Wang

The efficiency of large language models (LLMs) is fundamentally limited by their sequential, token-by-token generation process. We argue that overcoming this bottleneck requires a new design axis for LLM scaling: increasing the semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Chenze Shao , Darren Li , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Prefilling computational costs pose a significant bottleneck for Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) in long-context settings. While token pruning reduces sequence length, prior methods rely on heuristics that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yujie Chen , Tailai Chen , Yifeng Gao , Zoe Wanying He , Yijue Xu , Shaobo Wang , Linfeng Zhang

Transformers achieve unrivalled performance in modelling language, but remain inefficient in terms of memory and time complexity. A possible remedy is to reduce the sequence length in the intermediate layers by pooling fixed-length segments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Piotr Nawrot , Jan Chorowski , Adrian Łańcucki , Edoardo M. Ponti

Even when prompts and parameters are secured, transformer language models remain vulnerable because their key-value (KV) cache during inference constitutes an overlooked attack surface. This paper introduces Malicious Token Injection (MTI),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Elias Hossain , Swayamjit Saha , Somshubhra Roy , Ravi Prasad

Standard autoregressive language models generate text by repeatedly selecting a discrete next token, coupling prediction with irreversible commitment at every step. We show that token selection is not the only viable autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Oshri Naparstek

To advance continuous-valued token modeling and temporal-coherence enforcement, we propose FELLE, an autoregressive model that integrates language modeling with token-wise flow matching. By leveraging the autoregressive nature of language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Hui Wang , Shujie Liu , Lingwei Meng , Jinyu Li , Yifan Yang , Shiwan Zhao , Haiyang Sun , Yanqing Liu , Haoqin Sun , Jiaming Zhou , Yan Lu , Yong Qin

Auto-regressive video generation enables long video synthesis by iteratively conditioning each new batch of frames on previously generated content. However, recent work has shown that such pipelines suffer from severe temporal drift, where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ariel Shaulov , Eitan Shaar , Amit Edenzon , Lior Wolf

Safety alignment is an essential research topic for real-world AI applications. Despite the multifaceted nature of safety and trustworthiness in AI, current safety alignment methods often focus on a comprehensive notion of safety. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Thien Q. Tran , Akifumi Wachi , Rei Sato , Takumi Tanabe , Youhei Akimoto

Recent work discovered Emergent Misalignment (EM): fine-tuning large language models on narrowly harmful datasets can lead them to become broadly misaligned. A survey of experts prior to publication revealed this was highly unexpected,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Edward Turner , Anna Soligo , Mia Taylor , Senthooran Rajamanoharan , Neel Nanda
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