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In this paper, we introduce the AI Search Paradigm, a comprehensive blueprint for next-generation search systems capable of emulating human information processing and decision-making. The paradigm employs a modular architecture of four…

We propose a methodology that combines several advanced techniques in Large Language Model (LLM) retrieval to support the development of robust, multi-source question-answer systems. This methodology is designed to integrate information…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Antony Seabra , Claudio Cavalcante , Joao Nepomuceno , Lucas Lago , Nicolaas Ruberg , Sergio Lifschitz

Lifelong learning, also known as continual or incremental learning, is a crucial component for advancing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) by enabling systems to continuously adapt in dynamic environments. While large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Junhao Zheng , Chengming Shi , Xidi Cai , Qiuke Li , Duzhen Zhang , Chenxing Li , Dong Yu , Qianli Ma

Deep-research agents are capable of executing multi-step web exploration, targeted retrieval, and sophisticated question answering. Despite their powerful capabilities, deep-research agents face two critical bottlenecks: (1) the lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tongzhou Wu , Yuhao Wang , Xinyu Ma , Xiuqiang He , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xiangyu Zhao

Large-language-model (LLM)-based AI agents have recently showcased impressive versatility by employing dynamic reasoning, an adaptive, multi-step process that coordinates with external tools. This shift from static, single-turn inference to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jiin Kim , Byeongjun Shin , Jinha Chung , Minsoo Rhu

With extensive pre-trained knowledge and high-level general capabilities, large language models (LLMs) emerge as a promising avenue to augment reinforcement learning (RL) in aspects such as multi-task learning, sample efficiency, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Yuji Cao , Huan Zhao , Yuheng Cheng , Ting Shu , Yue Chen , Guolong Liu , Gaoqi Liang , Junhua Zhao , Jinyue Yan , Yun Li

Deep Research Agents (DRAs) aim to answer complex questions by searching the web, checking evidence, and synthesizing conclusions across heterogeneous sources. We introduce a category-theoretic framework for evaluating and improving such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Shuoling Liu , Zhiquan Tan , Kun Yi , Hui Wu , Yihan Li , Jiangpeng Yan , Liyuan Chen , Kai Chen , Qiang Yang

Simulated Students offer a valuable methodological framework for evaluating pedagogical approaches and modelling diverse learner profiles, tasks which are otherwise challenging to undertake systematically in real-world settings. Recent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Luis Marquez-Carpintero , Alberto Lopez-Sellers , Miguel Cazorla

Entity relationship classification remains a challenging task in information extraction, especially in scenarios with limited labeled data and complex relational structures. In this study, we conduct a comparative analysis of three distinct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Maryam Berijanian , Kuldeep Singh , Amin Sehati

The concept of the 'agent' has profoundly shaped Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, guiding development from foundational theories to contemporary applications like Large Language Model (LLM)-based systems. This paper critically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Jesse Gardner , Vladimir A. Baulin

Understanding the behavior of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents -particularly as task and agent sophistication increase- requires more than simple comparison of reward curves, yet standard methods for behavioral analysis remain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Riley Simmons-Edler , Ryan P. Badman , Felix Baastad Berg , Raymond Chua , John J. Vastola , Joshua Lunger , William Qian , Kanaka Rajan

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents show promise for e-commerce conversational shopping, yet existing implementations lack the interaction depth and contextual breadth required for complex product research. Meanwhile, the Deep Research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jiangyuan Wang , Kejun Xiao , Huaipeng Zhao , Tao Luo , Xiaoyi Zeng

Deep research has emerged as a transformative capability for autonomous agents, empowering Large Language Models to navigate complex, open-ended tasks. However, realizing its full potential is hindered by critical limitations, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yuxuan Cai , Xinyi Lai , Peng Yuan , Weiting Liu , Huajian Li , Mingda Li , Xinghua Wang , Shengxie Zheng , Yanchao Hao , Yuyang Yin , Zheng Wei

Generating deep research reports requires large-scale information acquisition and the synthesis of insight-driven analysis, posing a significant challenge for current language models. Most existing approaches follow a plan-then-write…

Recent progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) has drawn attention to their potential for accelerating drug discovery. However, a central problem remains: translating theoretical ideas into robust implementations in the highly specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Sizhe Liu , Yizhou Lu , Siyu Chen , Xiyang Hu , Jieyu Zhao , Yingzhou Lu , Yue Zhao

Deep Research Agents (DRAs) aim to automatically produce analyst-level reports through iterative information retrieval and synthesis. However, most existing DRAs were validated on question-answering benchmarks, while research on generating…

The long-standing vision of intelligent cities is to create efficient, livable, and sustainable urban environments using big data and artificial intelligence technologies. Recently, the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jindong Han , Yansong Ning , Zirui Yuan , Hang Ni , Fan Liu , Tengfei Lyu , Hao Liu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed the rise of autonomous AI agents capable of perceiving, reasoning, and acting in dynamic, open-ended environments. These large-model agents mark a paradigm shift from static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hang Su , Jun Luo , Chang Liu , Xiao Yang , Yichi Zhang , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

Scientific Large Language Models (Sci-LLMs) are transforming how knowledge is represented, integrated, and applied in scientific research, yet their progress is shaped by the complex nature of scientific data. This survey presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ming Hu , Chenglong Ma , Wei Li , Wanghan Xu , Jiamin Wu , Jucheng Hu , Tianbin Li , Guohang Zhuang , Jiaqi Liu , Yingzhou Lu , Ying Chen , Chaoyang Zhang , Cheng Tan , Jie Ying , Guocheng Wu , Shujian Gao , Pengcheng Chen , Jiashi Lin , Haitao Wu , Lulu Chen , Fengxiang Wang , Yuanyuan Zhang , Xiangyu Zhao , Feilong Tang , Encheng Su , Junzhi Ning , Xinyao Liu , Ye Du , Changkai Ji , Pengfei Jiang , Cheng Tang , Ziyan Huang , Jiyao Liu , Jiaqi Wei , Yuejin Yang , Xiang Zhang , Guangshuai Wang , Yue Yang , Huihui Xu , Ziyang Chen , Yizhou Wang , Chen Tang , Jianyu Wu , Yuchen Ren , Siyuan Yan , Zhonghua Wang , Zhongxing Xu , Shiyan Su , Shangquan Sun , Runkai Zhao , Zhisheng Zhang , Dingkang Yang , Jinjie Wei , Jiaqi Wang , Jiahao Xu , Jiangtao Yan , Wenhao Tang , Hongze Zhu , Yu Liu , Fudi Wang , Yiqing Shen , Yuanfeng Ji , Yanzhou Su , Tong Xie , Hongming Shan , Chun-Mei Feng , Zhi Hou , Diping Song , Lihao Liu , Yanyan Huang , Lequan Yu , Bin Fu , Shujun Wang , Xiaomeng Li , Xiaowei Hu , Yun Gu , Ben Fei , Benyou Wang , Yuewen Cao , Minjie Shen , Jie Xu , Haodong Duan , Fang Yan , Hongxia Hao , Jielan Li , Jiajun Du , Yanbo Wang , Imran Razzak , Zhongying Deng , Chi Zhang , Lijun Wu , Conghui He , Zhaohui Lu , Jinhai Huang , Wenqi Shao , Yihao Liu , Siqi Luo , Yi Xin , Xiaohong Liu , Fenghua Ling , Yuqiang Li , Aoran Wang , Siqi Sun , Qihao Zheng , Nanqing Dong , Tianfan Fu , Dongzhan Zhou , Yan Lu , Wenlong Zhang , Jin Ye , Jianfei Cai , Yirong Chen , Wanli Ouyang , Yu Qiao , Zongyuan Ge , Shixiang Tang , Junjun He , Chunfeng Song , Lei Bai , Bowen Zhou

With recent advancements in natural language processing, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for various real-world applications. Despite their prowess, the intrinsic generative abilities of LLMs may prove…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jingqing Ruan , Yihong Chen , Bin Zhang , Zhiwei Xu , Tianpeng Bao , Guoqing Du , Shiwei Shi , Hangyu Mao , Ziyue Li , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao