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Current deep learning models are not designed to simultaneously address three fundamental questions: predict class labels to solve a given classification task (the "What?"), simulate changes in the situation to evaluate how this impacts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Gabriele Dominici , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Martin Gjoreski , Giuseppe Marra , Marc Langheinrich

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) aim to improve model interpretability by predicting human level "concepts" in a bottleneck within a deep learning model architecture. However, how the predicted concepts are used in predicting the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Matthew Shen , Aliyah Hsu , Abhineet Agarwal , Bin Yu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide a basis for semantic abstractions within a neural network architecture. Such models have primarily been seen through the lens of interpretability so far, wherein they offer transparency by inferring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Deepika SN Vemuri , Gautham Bellamkonda , Aditya Pola , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are a class of interpretable neural network models that predict the target response of a given input based on its high-level concepts. Unlike the standard end-to-end models, CBMs enable domain experts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Sungbin Shin , Yohan Jo , Sungsoo Ahn , Namhoon Lee

Automated ICD-10 coding from clinical discharge summaries requires models that are both accurate on long-tailed multi-label classification tasks and interpretable to clinicians. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer a principled framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohammed Sameer Syed , Xuan Lu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a prominent paradigm for interpretable deep learning, learning by grounding predictions in human-understandable concepts. However, their practical deployment is hindered by the high cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ziye Chen , Hongbin Lin , Jie Li , Lijie Hu

Deep learning models have achieved strong performance in medical image analysis, but their internal decision processes remain difficult to interpret. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) partially address this limitation by structuring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Getamesay Dagnaw , Xuefei Yin , Muhammad Hassan Maqsood , Yanming Zhu , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

Early detection of melanoma is crucial for preventing severe complications and increasing the chances of successful treatment. Existing deep learning approaches for melanoma skin lesion diagnosis are deemed black-box models, as they omit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Cristiano Patrício , João C. Neves , Luís F. Teixeira

Deep vision models often rely on biases learned from spurious correlations in datasets. To identify these biases, methods that interpret high-level, human-understandable concepts are more effective than those relying primarily on low-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 David Méndez , Gianpaolo Bontempo , Elisa Ficarra , Roberto Confalonieri , Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are often considered black boxes due to their opaque decision-making processes. To reduce their opacity Concept Models (CMs), such as Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), were introduced to predict human-defined…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jack Furby , Dan Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

While RFML is expected to be a key enabler of future wireless standards, a significant challenge to the widespread adoption of RFML techniques is the lack of explainability in deep learning models. This work investigates the use of CB…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-06 Lauren J. Wong , Sean McPherson

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are interpretable neural networks that first predict labels for human-interpretable concepts relevant to the prediction task, and then predict the final label based on the concept label predictions. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Kushal Chauhan , Rishabh Tiwari , Jan Freyberg , Pradeep Shenoy , Krishnamurthy Dvijotham

In recent years, Visual Anomaly Detection (VAD) has gained significant attention due to its ability to identify defects using only normal images during training. Many VAD models work without supervision but are still able to provide visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arianna Stropeni , Valentina Zaccaria , Francesco Borsatti , Davide Dalle Pezze , Manuel Barusco , Gian Antonio Susto

Concept-based explanation methods, such as concept bottleneck models (CBMs), aim to improve the interpretability of machine learning models by linking their decisions to human-understandable concepts, under the critical assumption that such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Halil Ibrahim Aysel , Xiaohao Cai , Adam Prugel-Bennett

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) and other concept-based interpretable models show great promise for making AI applications more transparent, which is essential in fields like medicine. Despite their success, we demonstrate that CBMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Jessica Bader , Leander Girrbach , Stephan Alaniz , Zeynep Akata

The design of interpretable deep learning models working in relational domains poses an open challenge: interpretable deep learning methods, such as Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), are not designed to solve relational problems, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Gabriele Ciravegna , Michelangelo Diligenti , Giuseppe Marra

To increase the trustworthiness of deep neural networks, it is critical to improve the understanding of how they make decisions. This paper introduces a novel unsupervised concept-based model for image classification, named Learnable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Francesco De Santis , Philippe Bich , Gabriele Ciravegna , Pietro Barbiero , Danilo Giordano , Tania Cerquitelli

Concept-based eXplainable AI (C-XAI) is a rapidly growing research field that enhances AI model interpretability by leveraging intermediate, human-understandable concepts. This approach not only enhances model transparency but also enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Francesco De Santis , Gabriele Ciravegna , Philippe Bich , Danilo Giordano , Tania Cerquitelli

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to deliver interpretable and interventionable predictions by bridging features and labels with human-understandable concepts. While recent CBMs show promising potential, they suffer from information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Ao Sun , Yuanyuan Yuan , Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang

Catastrophic forgetting remains a fundamental challenge in continual learning, in which models often forget previous knowledge when fine-tuned on a new task. This issue is especially pronounced in class incremental learning (CIL), which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Amirhosein Javadi , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tara Javidi , Tsui-Wei Weng
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