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described by multiple instances (e.g., image patches) and simultaneously associated with multiple labels. Existing MIML methods are useful in many applications but most of which suffer from relatively low accuracy and training efficiency…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Qi Lai , Jianhang Zhou , Yanfen Gan , Chi-Man Vong , Deshuang Huang

Recent pseudo-bag augmentation methods for Multiple Instance Learning (MIL)-based Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification sample instances from a limited number of bags, resulting in constrained diversity. To address this issue, we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Bo Zhang , Xu Xinan , Shuo Yan , Yu Bai , Zheng Zhang , Wufan Wang , Wendong Wang

Whole slide images (WSI) provide valuable phenotypic information for histological assessment and malignancy grading of tumors. The WSI-based grading promises to provide rapid diagnostic support and facilitate digital health. Currently, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-05 Lipei Zhang , Yiran Wei , Ying Fu , Stephen Price , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb , Chao Li

The segmentation of histopathological whole slide images into tumourous and non-tumourous types of tissue is a challenging task that requires the consideration of both local and global spatial contexts to classify tumourous regions…

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied to medical imaging diagnosis, where bag labels are known and instance labels inside bags are unknown. Traditional MIL assumes that instances in each bag are independent samples from a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Yunan Wu , Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has enabled weakly supervised analysis of whole-slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology. However, traditional MIL approaches often lose crucial contextual information, while transformer-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xitong Ling , Minxi Ouyang , Xiaoxiao Li , Jiawen Li , Ying Chen , Yuxuan Sun , Xinrui Chen , Tian Guan , Xiaoping Liu , Yonghong He

Whole body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is the recommended modality for diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM). WB-MRI is used to detect sites of disease across the entire skeletal system, but it requires significant expertise and is…

Convolutional neural networks can be trained to perform histology slide classification using weak annotations with multiple instance learning (MIL). However, given the paucity of labeled histology data, direct application of MIL can easily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Ming Y. Lu , Richard J. Chen , Jingwen Wang , Debora Dillon , Faisal Mahmood

Malignant lymphoma subtype classification directly impacts treatment strategies and patient outcomes, necessitating classification models that achieve both high accuracy and sufficient explainability. This study proposes a novel explainable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Daiki Nishiyama , Hiroaki Miyoshi , Noriaki Hashimoto , Koichi Ohshima , Hidekata Hontani , Ichiro Takeuchi , Jun Sakuma

Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) has become a gold standard in cancer diagnosis, inspecting multi-scale information from cellular to tissue levels. Processing an entire WSI directly is infeasible due to GPU memory constraints; thus, Multiple…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Tianyi Zhang , Sicheng Chen , Borui Kang , Dankai Liao , Qiaochu Xue , Bochong Zhang , Fei Xia , Zeyu Liu , Yueming Jin

Labelling tissue components in histology whole slide images (WSIs) is prohibitively labour-intensive: a single slide may contain tens of thousands of structures--cells, nuclei, and other morphologically distinct objects--each requiring…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-13 Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad , Sharmila Rajendran , Damion Young , Jon Mason

Learning representations for individual instances when only bag-level labels are available is a fundamental challenge in multiple instance learning (MIL). Recent works have shown promising results using contrastive self-supervised learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Kangning Liu , Weicheng Zhu , Yiqiu Shen , Sheng Liu , Narges Razavian , Krzysztof J. Geras , Carlos Fernandez-Granda

Digital pathology has revolutionized the field by enabling the digitization of tissue samples into whole slide images (WSIs). However, the high resolution and large size of WSIs present significant challenges when it comes to applying Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ali Mammadov , Loïc Le Folgoc , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

In histopathology, tissue samples are often larger than a standard microscope slide, making stitching of multiple fragments necessary to process entire structures such as tumors. Automated stitching is a prerequisite for scaling analysis,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Stefan Brandstätter , Maximilian Köller , Philipp Seeböck , Alissa Blessing , Felicitas Oberndorfer , Svitlana Pochepnia , Helmut Prosch , Georg Langs

The Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) paradigm is attracting plenty of attention in medical imaging classification, where labeled data is scarce. MIL methods cast medical images as bags of instances (e.g. patches in whole slide images, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Yunan Wu , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Whole-slide image (WSI) analysis is challenging due to the gigapixel scale of slides and their inherent hierarchical multi-resolution structure. Existing multiple instance learning (MIL) approaches often model WSIs as unordered collections…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Dongqing Xie , Yonghuang Wu

Given the special situation of modeling gigapixel images, multiple instance learning (MIL) has become one of the most important frameworks for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. In current practice, most MIL networks often face two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Pei Liu , Luping Ji , Xinyu Zhang , Feng Ye

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become a preferred method for gigapixel whole slide image (WSI) classification without requiring patch-level annotations. Current MIL research primarily relies on embedding-based approaches, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bryan Wong , Sungrae Hong , Mun Yong Yi

Histopathological whole slide image (WSI) analysis with deep learning has become a research focus in computational pathology. The current paradigm is mainly based on multiple instance learning (MIL), in which approaches with Transformer as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hongbo Chu , Qiehe Sun , Jiawen Li , Yuxuan Chen , Lizhong Zhang , Tian Guan , Anjia Han , Yonghong He

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common cancer subtype, with an increasing incidence and a significant impact on cancer-related mortality. SCC grading using whole slide images is inherently challenging due to the lack of a reliable…