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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various applications. However, their use as writing assistants in specialized domains like finance, medicine, and law is often hampered by a lack of deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Song Mao , Lejun Cheng , Pinlong Cai , Guohang Yan , Ding Wang , Botian Shi

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds large language models (LLMs) in external evidence, but fails when retrieved sources conflict or contain outdated or subjective information. Prior work address these issues independently but lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shubham Mishra , Samyek Jain , Gorang Mehrishi , Shiv Tiwari , Harsh Sharma , Pratik Narang , Dhruv Kumar

Recent investigations into effective context lengths of modern flagship large language models (LLMs) have revealed major limitations in effective question answering (QA) and reasoning over long and complex contexts for even the largest and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anwesan Pal , Karen Hovsepian , Tinghao Guo , Mengnan Zhao , Somendra Tripathi , Nikos Kanakaris , George Mihaila , Sumit Nigam

The development of large language models (LLMs) has been catalyzed by advancements in pre-training techniques. These models have demonstrated robust reasoning capabilities through manually designed prompts. In this work, we evaluate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Yuxuan Huang

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing. However, these models face challenges in retrieving precise information from vast datasets. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) was developed to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuxin Yang , Haoyang Wu , Tao Wang , Jia Yang , Hao Ma , Guojie Luo

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex reasoning but remain limited by static and incomplete parametric knowledge. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates this by incorporating external knowledge, yet existing RAGs struggle…

Short answer assessment is a vital component of science education, allowing evaluation of students' complex three-dimensional understanding. Large language models (LLMs) that possess human-like ability in linguistic tasks are increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yucheng Chu , Peng He , Hang Li , Haoyu Han , Kaiqi Yang , Yu Xue , Tingting Li , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) plays a crucial role in grounding Large Language Models by leveraging external knowledge, whereas the effectiveness is often compromised by the retrieval of contextually flawed or incomplete information.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yaoze Zhang , Rong Wu , Pinlong Cai , Xiaoman Wang , Guohang Yan , Song Mao , Ding Wang , Botian Shi

Considering the inherent limitations of parametric knowledge in large language models (LLMs), retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is widely employed to expand their knowledge scope. Since RAG has shown promise in knowledge-intensive tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuhao Wang , Ruiyang Ren , Yucheng Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Jing Liu , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive problem-solving capabilities but may struggle with complex reasoning and factual correctness. Existing methods harness the strengths of chain-of-thought and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Xingxuan Li , Weiwen Xu , Ruochen Zhao , Fangkai Jiao , Shafiq Joty , Lidong Bing

Transformers have a quadratic scaling of computational complexity with input size, which limits the input context window size of large language models (LLMs) in both training and inference. Meanwhile, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yimin Tang , Yurong Xu , Ning Yan , Masood Mortazavi

Recent works have attempted to integrate external knowledge into LLMs to address the limitations and potential factual errors in LLM-generated content. However, how to retrieve the correct knowledge from the large amount of external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Haowei Du , Dongyan Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation but struggle with complex problems. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates this issue by integrating external knowledge, yet retrieval models often miss relevant context, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Shahd Seddik , Fahd Seddik , Iman Saberi , Fatemeh Fard , Minh Hieu Huynh , Patanamon Thongtanunam

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is increasingly recognized as an effective approach to mitigating the hallucination of large language models (LLMs) through the integration of external knowledge. While numerous efforts, most studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shuo Yu , Mingyue Cheng , Qi Liu , Daoyu Wang , Jiqian Yang , Jie Ouyang , Yucong Luo , Chenyi Lei , Enhong Chen

Integrating structured knowledge from Knowledge Graphs (KGs) into Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a key challenge for symbolic reasoning. Existing methods mainly rely on prompt engineering or fine-tuning, which lose structural fidelity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Erica Coppolillo

Large language models (LLMs) continue to struggle with knowledge-intensive questions that require up-to-date information and multi-hop reasoning. Augmenting LLMs with hybrid external knowledge, such as unstructured text and structured…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Junhong Lin , Bing Zhang , Song Wang , Ziyan Liu , Dan Gutfreund , Julian Shun , Yada Zhu

Recent studies have combined Large Language Models (LLMs) with Knowledge Graphs (KGs) to enhance reasoning, improving inference accuracy without additional training while mitigating hallucination. However, existing frameworks still suffer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sumin Jo , Junseong Choi , Jiho Kim , Edward Choi

In today's rapidly evolving landscape of Artificial Intelligence, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a vibrant research topic. LLMs find applications in various fields and contribute significantly. Despite their powerful language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Tuan Bui , Oanh Tran , Phuong Nguyen , Bao Ho , Long Nguyen , Thang Bui , Tho Quan

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a fundamental paradigm for addressing the challenges faced by large language models in handling real-time information and domain-specific problems. Traditional RAG systems primarily rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 YiHan Jiao , ZheHao Tan , Dan Yang , DuoLin Sun , Jie Feng , Yue Shen , Jian Wang , Peng Wei

Existing large language models (LLMs) show exceptional problem-solving capabilities but might struggle with complex reasoning tasks. Despite the successes of chain-of-thought and tree-based search methods, they mainly depend on the internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Jinhao Jiang , Jiayi Chen , Junyi Li , Ruiyang Ren , Shijie Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yang Song , Tao Zhang