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Causal inference and the estimation of causal effects plays a central role in decision-making across many areas, including healthcare and economics. Estimating causal effects typically requires an estimator that is tailored to each problem…

Causal inference seeks to estimate the effect of an intervention on an outcome using observed data, typically via Rubin's potential-outcome framework or Pearl's do-calculus. Following section 9 of Richardson and Robins (2013), this essay…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Christian Bartels

Causal discovery from observational and interventional data is challenging due to limited data and non-identifiability: factors that introduce uncertainty in estimating the underlying structural causal model (SCM). Selecting experiments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Panagiotis Tigas , Yashas Annadani , Andrew Jesson , Bernhard Schölkopf , Yarin Gal , Stefan Bauer

Explanatory studies, such as randomized controlled trials, are targeted to extract the true causal effect of interventions on outcomes and are by design adjusted for covariates through randomization. On the contrary, observational studies…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-02 Riddhiman Adib , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed , Mohammad Adibuzzaman

Causal discovery is essential across various scientific fields to uncover causal structures within data. Traditional methods relying on observational data have limitations due to confounding variables. This paper presents an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Abdelmonem Elrefaey , Rong Pan

In the domain of causal inference research, the prevalent potential outcomes framework, notably the Rubin Causal Model (RCM), often overlooks individual interference and assumes independent treatment effects. This assumption, however, is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-21 Hongtao Zhu , Sizhe Zhang , Yang Su , Zhenyu Zhao , Nan Chen

Learning causal relationships among a set of variables, as encoded by a directed acyclic graph, from observational data is complicated by the presence of unobserved confounders. Instrumental variables (IVs) are a popular remedy for this…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-17 Jing Zou , Wei Li , Wei Lin

A fundamental difficulty of causal learning is that causal models can generally not be fully identified based on observational data only. Interventional data, that is, data originating from different experimental environments, improves…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-04 Juan L. Gamella , Christina Heinze-Deml

No man is an island, as individuals interact and influence one another daily in our society. When social influence takes place in experiments on a population of interconnected individuals, the treatment on a unit may affect the outcomes of…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-30 Edward K. Kao

Synthetic datasets generated by structural causal models (SCMs) are commonly used for benchmarking causal structure learning algorithms. However, the variances and pairwise correlations in SCM data tend to increase along the causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Weronika Ormaniec , Scott Sussex , Lars Lorch , Bernhard Schölkopf , Andreas Krause

In contrast to problems of interference in (exogenous) treatments, models of interference in unit-specific (endogenous) outcomes do not usually produce a reduced-form representation where outcomes depend on other units' treatment status…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-17 Konrad Menzel

Learning causal representations from observational and interventional data in the absence of known ground-truth graph structures necessitates implicit latent causal representation learning. Implicit learning of causal mechanisms typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Shayan Shirahmad Gale Bagi , Zahra Gharaee , Oliver Schulte , Mark Crowley

Inferring the effect of interventions within complex systems is a fundamental problem of statistics. A widely studied approach employs structural causal models that postulate noisy functional relations among a set of interacting variables.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-14 David Strieder , Mathias Drton

One of the most common mistakes made when performing data analysis is attributing causal meaning to regression coefficients. Formally, a causal effect can only be computed if it is identifiable from a combination of observational data and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Daniel Kumor , Bryant Chen , Elias Bareinboim

Learning the Individual Treatment Effect (ITE) is essential for personalized decision-making, yet causal inference has traditionally focused on aggregated treatment effects. While integrating conformal prediction with causal inference can…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-23 Chenyin Gao , Peter B. Gilbert , Larry Han

Consider learning an imitation policy on the basis of demonstrated behavior from multiple environments, with an eye towards deployment in an unseen environment. Since the observable features from each setting may be different, directly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-06 Ioana Bica , Daniel Jarrett , Mihaela van der Schaar

Structural causal models (SCMs) are widely used in various disciplines to represent causal relationships among variables in complex systems. Unfortunately, the underlying causal structure is often unknown, and estimating it from data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Tianyu Chen , Kevin Bello , Bryon Aragam , Pradeep Ravikumar

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems increasingly influence decision-making across various fields, the need to attribute responsibility for undesirable outcomes has become essential, though complicated by the complex interplay between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Yahang Qi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Structural Equation/Causal Models (SEMs/SCMs) are widely used in epidemiology and social sciences to identify and analyze the average causal effect (ACE) and conditional ACE (CACE). Traditional causal effect estimation methods such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Sourabh Balgi , Jose M. Pena , Adel Daoud

The ultimate goal of most scientific studies is to understand the underlying causal mechanism between the involved variables. Structural causal models (SCMs) are widely used to represent such causal mechanisms. Given an SCM, causal queries…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-21 Beate Sick , Oliver Dürr
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