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Understanding a Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy is crucial for ensuring that autonomous agents behave according to human expectations. This goal can be achieved using Explainable Reinforcement Learning (XRL) techniques. Although textual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Ahmad Terra , Mohit Ahmed , Rafia Inam , Elena Fersman , Martin Törngren

Modern commercial Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) devices form a complex and interconnected thermodynamic system with the building and outside weather conditions, and current setpoint control policies are not fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Judah Goldfeder , John Sipple

We consider the safe reinforcement learning (RL) problem of maximizing utility with extremely low constraint violation rates. Assuming no prior knowledge or pre-training of the environment safety model given a task, an agent has to learn,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Haonan Yu , Wei Xu , Haichao Zhang

Random exploration is one of the main mechanisms through which reinforcement learning (RL) finds well-performing policies. However, it can lead to undesirable or catastrophic outcomes when learning online in safety-critical environments. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Djordje Grbic , Sebastian Risi

Reinforcement learning (RL), while powerful and expressive, can often prioritize performance at the expense of safety. Yet safety violations can lead to catastrophic outcomes in real-world deployments. Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) offer…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Lizhi Yang , Blake Werner , Massimiliano de Sa , Aaron D. Ames

Reinforcement learning (RL) is crucial for data science decision-making but suffers from sample inefficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios with costly physical interactions. This paper introduces a novel human-inspired framework to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Ali Beikmohammadi , Sindri Magnússon

It is challenging to use reinforcement learning (RL) in cyber-physical systems due to the lack of safety guarantees during learning. Although there have been various proposals to reduce undesired behaviors during learning, most of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Masaki Waga , Ezequiel Castellano , Sasinee Pruekprasert , Stefan Klikovits , Toru Takisaka , Ichiro Hasuo

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become essential for eliciting complex reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the substantial memory overhead of storing Key-Value (KV) caches during long-horizon rollouts acts as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Sijia Luo , Xiaokang Zhang , Yuxuan Hu , Bohan Zhang , Ke Wang , Jinbo Su , Mengshu Sun , Lei Liang , Jing Zhang

The demand of finite raw materials will keep increasing as they fuel modern society. Simultaneously, solutions for stopping carbon emissions in the short term are not available, thus making the net zero target extremely challenging to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Federico Zocco , Andrea Corti , Monica Malvezzi

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become a pivotal approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, a significant theoretical gap persists, as traditional token-level RL frameworks fail to align with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zeyu Gan , Hao Yi , Yong Liu

While Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has emerged as a promising solution for intricate control tasks, the lack of explainability of the learned policies impedes its uptake in safety-critical applications, such as automated driving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Amir Samadi , Konstantinos Koufos , Kurt Debattista , Mehrdad Dianati

This paper provides a simulated laboratory for making use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) for chemical discovery. Since RL is fairly data intensive, training agents `on-the-fly' by taking actions in the real world is infeasible and possibly…

Existing synthetic tool-use corpora are primarily designed for offline supervised fine-tuning, yet reinforcement learning (RL) requires executable environments that support reward-checkable online rollouts. We propose COVERT, a two-stage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Siyuan Xu , Shiyang Li , Xin Liu , Tianyi Liu , Yixiao Li , Zhan Shi , Zixuan Zhang , Zilong Wang , Qingyu Yin , Jianshu Chen , Tuo Zhao , Bing Yin

Complementary-label learning (CLL) is a weakly supervised learning paradigm for multiclass classification, where only complementary labels -- indicating classes an instance does not belong to -- are provided to the learning algorithm.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Nai-Xuan Ye , Tan-Ha Mai , Hsiu-Hsuan Wang , Wei-I Lin , Hsuan-Tien Lin

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown stunning results in complex tasks, yet they often operate in isolation, failing to learn from past experiences. Existing memory-based methods primarily store raw trajectories, which are often…

Offline Safe Reinforcement Learning (RL) seeks to address safety constraints by learning from static datasets and restricting exploration. However, these approaches heavily rely on the dataset and struggle to generalize to unseen scenarios…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Chenyang Cao , Yucheng Xin , Silang Wu , Longxiang He , Zichen Yan , Junbo Tan , Xueqian Wang

The Python robotics ecosystem faces a challenge: while many libraries exist for rigid body transformations, few are both lightweight and mathematically strict. This paper introduces SE3Kit, a lightweight Python library efficient operations…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Daniyal Maroufi , Omid Rezayof , Farshid Alambeigi

Reinforcement Learning (RL) for control has become increasingly popular due to its ability to learn rich feedback policies that take into account uncertainty and complex representations of the environment. When considering safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Sean Vaskov , Wilko Schwarting , Chris L. Baker

In this paper, we develop a method for learning a control policy guaranteed to satisfy an affine state constraint of high relative degree in closed loop with a black-box system. Previous reinforcement learning (RL) approaches to satisfy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-31 Jean-Baptiste Bouvier , Kartik Nagpal , Negar Mehr

Despite the intrinsic risk-awareness of Large Language Models (LLMs), current defenses often result in shallow safety alignment, rendering models vulnerable to disguised attacks (e.g., prefilling) while degrading utility. To bridge this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Xianya Fang , Xianying Luo , Yadong Wang , Xiang Chen , Yu Tian , Zequn Sun , Rui Liu , Jun Fang , Naiqiang Tan , Yuanning Cui , Sheng-Jun Huang
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