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Language models (LMs) have exhibited exceptional versatility in reasoning and in-depth financial analysis through their proprietary information processing capabilities. Previous research focused on evaluating classification performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Han Yuan , Li Zhang , Zheng Ma

Effective and reliable evaluation is essential for advancing empirical machine learning. However, the increasing accessibility of generalist models and the progress towards ever more complex, high-level tasks make systematic evaluation more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Felix Leeb , Zhijing Jin , Bernhard Schölkopf

Causal thinking enables humans to understand not just what is seen, but why it happens. To replicate this capability in modern AI systems, we introduce the task of visual causal discovery. It requires models to infer cause-and-effect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yize Zhang , Meiqi Chen , Sirui Chen , Bo Peng , Yanxi Zhang , Tianyu Li , Chaochao Lu

To precisely evaluate a language model's capability for logical reading comprehension, we present a dataset for testing the understanding of the rationale behind critical reasoning. For questions taken from an existing multiplechoice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Akira Kawabata , Saku Sugawara

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in domains where causal reasoning matters, yet it remains unclear whether their judgments reflect normative causal computation, human-like shortcuts, or brittle pattern matching. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hanna M. Dettki , Charley M. Wu , Bob Rehder

Semantic parsing shines at analyzing complex natural language that involves composition and computation over multiple pieces of evidence. However, datasets for semantic parsing contain many factoid questions that can be answered from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-17 Alon Talmor , Mor Geva , Jonathan Berant

We find a mismatch between what large language models encode about a causal question and what they answer. On anti-commonsense CLadder items, a fixed linear probe recovers the evidence-supported answer from the model's hidden state…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ziyi Ding , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable ability in various language tasks, especially with their emergent in-context learning capability. Extending LLMs to incorporate visual inputs, large vision-language models (LVLMs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aneesh Komanduri , Karuna Bhaila , Xintao Wu

Qualitative relationships illustrate how changing one property (e.g., moving velocity) affects another (e.g., kinetic energy) and constitutes a considerable portion of textual knowledge. Current approaches use either semantic parsers to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Mucheng Ren , Heyan Huang , Yang Gao

Semantic consistency of a language model is broadly defined as the model's ability to produce semantically-equivalent outputs, given semantically-equivalent inputs. We address the task of assessing question-answering (QA) semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Ella Rabinovich , Samuel Ackerman , Orna Raz , Eitan Farchi , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities but remain vulnerable to adversarial manipulations such as jailbreaking, where crafted prompts bypass safety mechanisms. Understanding the causal factors behind such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Jun Sun

Fine-tuning LLMs for classification typically maps inputs directly to labels. We ask whether attaching brief explanations to each label during fine-tuning yields better models. We evaluate conversational response quality along three axes:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Vivswan Shah , Randy Cogill , Hanwei Yue , Gopinath Chennupati , Rinat Khaziev

Current evaluation of mathematical reasoning in language models relies primarily on answer accuracy, potentially masking fundamental failures in logical computation. We introduce a diagnostic framework that distinguishes genuine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Subramanyam Sahoo , Vinija Jain , Saanidhya Vats , Siddharth Mohapatra , Rui Min , Aman Chadha , Divya Chaudhary

Causal reasoning and compositional reasoning are two core aspirations in AI. Measuring the extent of these behaviors requires principled evaluation methods. We explore a unified perspective that considers both behaviors simultaneously,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Jacqueline R. M. A. Maasch , Alihan Hüyük , Xinnuo Xu , Aditya V. Nori , Javier Gonzalez

As large language models (LLMs) grow larger and more sophisticated, assessing their "reasoning" capabilities in natural language grows more challenging. Recent question answering (QA) benchmarks that attempt to assess reasoning are often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Matthew Ho , Aditya Sharma , Justin Chang , Michael Saxon , Sharon Levy , Yujie Lu , William Yang Wang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into high-stakes domains, there have been several approaches proposed toward generating natural language explanations. These explanations are crucial for enhancing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Krithi Shailya , Shreya Rajpal , Gokul S Krishnan , Balaraman Ravindran

Causal reasoning capability is critical in advancing large language models (LLMs) toward strong artificial intelligence. While versatile LLMs appear to have demonstrated capabilities in understanding contextual causality and providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Haoang Chi , He Li , Wenjing Yang , Feng Liu , Long Lan , Xiaoguang Ren , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Humans can look at a static scene and instantly predict what happens next -- will moving this object cause a collision? We call this ability Causal Spatial Reasoning. However, current multimodal large language models (MLLMs) cannot do this,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Wenxin Ma , Chenlong Wang , Ruisheng Yuan , Hao Chen , Nanru Dai , S. Kevin Zhou , Yijun Yang , Alan Yuille , Jieneng Chen

Automatically evaluating the quality of responses in open-domain dialogue systems is a challenging but crucial task. Current evaluation metrics often fail to align with human judgments, especially when assessing responses that are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Tao Feng , Lizhen Qu , Xiaoxi Kang , Gholamreza Haffari

Causal knowledge extraction is the task of extracting relevant causes and effects from text by detecting the causal relation. Although this task is important for language understanding and knowledge discovery, recent works in this domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Anik Saha , Oktie Hassanzadeh , Alex Gittens , Jian Ni , Kavitha Srinivas , Bulent Yener