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Evaluating the quality of machine-generated natural language content is a challenging task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recently, large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have been employed for this purpose, but they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Daniil Larionov , Steffen Eger

We compile 129 heterogeneous LLM prompt datasets (>1.22 TB, >673M instances) into a structured taxonomy and conduct a multi-level linguistic analysis (lexical, syntactic, and semantic) on seven representative corpora, surfacing systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuanming Zhang , Yan Lin , Arijit Khan , Huaiyu Wan

The active research topic of prompt engineering makes it evident that LLMs are sensitive to small changes in prompt wording. A portion of this can be ascribed to the inductive bias that is present in the LLM. By using an LLM's output as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Christian M. Angel , Francis Ferraro

In this study, we propose a homotopy-inspired prompt obfuscation framework to enhance understanding of security and safety vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). By systematically applying carefully engineered prompts, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Luis Lazo , Hamed Jelodar , Roozbeh Razavi-Far

With the advancement of technology, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, powering LLM-integrated applications like Microsoft Copilot. However, as LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Zihao Zheng , Yangqiu Song , Dekai Wu , Bryan Hooi

Understanding user queries is fundamental in many applications, such as home assistants, booking systems, or recommendations. Accordingly, it is crucial to develop accurate Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) approaches to ensure the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Pierre Lepagnol , Sahar Ghannay , Thomas Gerald , Christophe Servan , Sophie Rosset

We study whether automatically-induced prompts that effectively extract information from a language model can also be used, out-of-the-box, to probe other language models for the same information. After confirming that discrete prompts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Nathanaël Carraz Rakotonirina , Roberto Dessì , Fabio Petroni , Sebastian Riedel , Marco Baroni

This work proposes POMP, a prompt pre-training method for vision-language models. Being memory and computation efficient, POMP enables the learned prompt to condense semantic information for a rich set of visual concepts with over…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Shuhuai Ren , Aston Zhang , Yi Zhu , Shuai Zhang , Shuai Zheng , Mu Li , Alex Smola , Xu Sun

Recent works have shown that attaching prompts to the input is effective at conditioning Language Models (LM) to perform specific tasks. However, prompts are always included in the input text during inference, thus incurring substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Eunbi Choi , Yongrae Jo , Joel Jang , Minjoon Seo

There are two shortages in the current Large Language Models (LLMs) era. The first is short of multilingual models, where most LLMs are English-centric and performance is limited on multilingual reasoning. The second is the place of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Hongyuan Lu , Zixuan Li , Wai Lam

This paper investigates covert prompt transmission for secure and efficient large language model (LLM) services over wireless networks. We formulate a latency minimization problem under fidelity and detectability constraints to ensure…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ruichen Zhang , Yinqiu Liu , Shunpu Tang , Jiacheng Wang , Dusit Niyato , Geng Sun , Yonghui Li , Sumei Sun

Pretrained language models (PLMs) have made remarkable progress in text generation tasks via fine-tuning. While, it is challenging to fine-tune PLMs in a data-scarce situation. Therefore, it is non-trivial to develop a general and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Junyi Li , Tianyi Tang , Jian-Yun Nie , Ji-Rong Wen , Wayne Xin Zhao

Prompt engineering has proven to be a crucial step in leveraging pretrained large language models (LLMs) in solving various real-world tasks. Numerous solutions have been proposed that seek to automate prompt engineering by using the model…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in applications that accept user-submitted content, such as uploaded documents or pasted text, for tasks like summarization and question answering. In this paper, we identify a new class of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhuotao Lian , Weiyu Wang , Qingkui Zeng , Toru Nakanishi , Teruaki Kitasuka , Chunhua Su

Utilizing large language models (LLMs) for zero-shot document ranking is done in one of two ways: (1) prompt-based re-ranking methods, which require no further training but are only feasible for re-ranking a handful of candidate documents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Shengyao Zhuang , Xueguang Ma , Bevan Koopman , Jimmy Lin , Guido Zuccon

Prompt injection attacks are an emerging threat to large language models (LLMs), enabling malicious users to manipulate outputs through carefully designed inputs. Existing detection approaches often require centralizing prompt data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hasini Jayathilaka

Recently, pretrained language models (PLMs) have had exceptional success in language generation. To leverage the rich knowledge encoded by PLMs, a simple yet powerful paradigm is to use prompts in the form of either discrete tokens or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Tianyi Tang , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Prompt-based learning is susceptible to intrinsic bias present in pre-trained language models (LMs), leading to sub-optimal performance in prompt-based zero/few-shot settings. In this work, we propose a null-input prompting method to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Kang He , Yinghan Long , Kaushik Roy

Large language models (LLMs) are often modified after release through post-processing such as post-training or quantization, which makes it challenging to determine whether one model is derived from another. Existing provenance detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuepeng Hu , Zhengyuan Jiang , Mengyuan Li , Osama Ahmed , Zhicong Huang , Cheng Hong , Neil Gong

Prompt-tuning has received attention as an efficient tuning method in the language domain, i.e., tuning a prompt that is a few tokens long, while keeping the large language model frozen, yet achieving comparable performance with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Shangyu Xie , Wei Dai , Esha Ghosh , Sambuddha Roy , Dan Schwartz , Kim Laine