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Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with auxiliary tokens has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing model performance. In this work, we introduce a lightweight method termed latent tokens; these are dummy tokens that may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuchang Sun , Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Attention-based models have shown significant improvement over traditional algorithms in several NLP tasks. The Transformer, for instance, is an illustrative example that generates abstract representations of tokens inputted to an encoder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Dhanasekar Sundararaman , Vivek Subramanian , Guoyin Wang , Shijing Si , Dinghan Shen , Dong Wang , Lawrence Carin

State-of-the-art language models are autoregressive and operate on subword units known as tokens. Specifically, one must encode the conditioning string into a list of tokens before passing to the language models for next-token prediction.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Buu Phan , Marton Havasi , Matthew Muckley , Karen Ullrich

An important development in deep learning from the earliest MLPs has been a move towards architectures with structural inductive biases which enable the model to keep distinct sources of information and routes of processing well-separated.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Alex Lamb , Di He , Anirudh Goyal , Guolin Ke , Chien-Feng Liao , Mirco Ravanelli , Yoshua Bengio

Recent studies on interpretability of attention distributions have led to notions of faithful and plausible explanations for a model's predictions. Attention distributions can be considered a faithful explanation if a higher attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Akash Kumar Mohankumar , Preksha Nema , Sharan Narasimhan , Mitesh M. Khapra , Balaji Vasan Srinivasan , Balaraman Ravindran

Contextualised word vectors obtained via pre-trained language models encode a variety of knowledge that has already been exploited in applications. Complementary to these language models are probabilistic topic models that learn thematic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Mozhgan Talebpour , Alba Garcia Seco de Herrera , Shoaib Jameel

The self-attention mechanism is the backbone of the transformer neural network underlying most large language models. It can capture complex word patterns and long-range dependencies in natural language. This paper introduces exponential…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-29 Kevin Christian Wibisono , Yixin Wang

The embedding space of language models is widely believed to capture the semantic relationships; for instance, embeddings of digits often exhibit an ordered structure that corresponds to their natural sequence. However, the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Junjie Yao , Zhi-Qin John Xu

This paper proposes a modeling framework for dynamic topic evolution based on temporal large language models. The method first uses a large language model to obtain contextual embeddings of text and then introduces a temporal decay function…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Di Wu , Shuaidong Pan

Transformers perform inference by iteratively transforming token representations across layers. This layerwise computation has been studied empirically, and recent mean-field theories of Transformer dynamics explain how attention can drive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Noboru Isobe , Daisuke Inoue , Masaaki Imaizumi

Syntactic Transformer language models aim to achieve better generalization through simultaneously modeling syntax trees and sentences. While prior work has been focusing on adding constituency-based structures to Transformers, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Yida Zhao , Chao Lou , Kewei Tu

Attention mechanisms have become a popular component in deep neural networks, yet there has been little examination of how different influencing factors and methods for computing attention from these factors affect performance. Toward a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Xizhou Zhu , Dazhi Cheng , Zheng Zhang , Stephen Lin , Jifeng Dai

Language models can be viewed as functions that embed text into Euclidean space, where the quality of the embedding vectors directly determines model performance, training such neural networks involves various uncertainties. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Yifei Duan , Raphael Shang , Deng Liang , Yongqiang Cai

Many complex generative systems use languages to create structured objects. We consider a model of random languages, defined by weighted context-free grammars. As the distribution of grammar weights broadens, a transition is found from a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2019-04-03 E. DeGiuli

Modern language models define distributions over strings, but downstream tasks often require different output formats. For instance, a model that generates byte-pair strings does not directly produce word-level predictions, and a DNA model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Vésteinn Snæbjarnarson , Samuel Kiegeland , Tianyu Liu , Reda Boumasmoud , Ryan Cotterell , Tim Vieira

Existing research largely attributes the global sequence modeling capability of Transformers to the explicit computation of attention weights, a process that inherently incurs quadratic computational complexity. In this work, we offer a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ruize He , Dongchen Han , Gao Huang

To be discoverable in an embedding-based search process, each part of a document should be reflected in its embedding representation. To quantify any potential reflection biases, we introduce a permutation-based evaluation framework. With…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Elias Schuhmacher , Andrianos Michail , Juri Opitz , Rico Sennrich , Simon Clematide

Various models have been proposed to incorporate knowledge of syntactic structures into neural language models. However, previous works have relied heavily on elaborate components for a specific language model, usually recurrent neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Zhixian Yang , Xiaojun Wan

Transformer architectures have achieved remarkable success across language, vision, and multimodal tasks, and there is growing demand for them to address in-context compositional learning tasks. In these tasks, models solve the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Wei Chen , Jingxi Yu , Zichen Miao , Qiang Qiu

With the attention mechanism, transformers achieve significant empirical successes. Despite the intuitive understanding that transformers perform relational inference over long sequences to produce desirable representations, we lack a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yufeng Zhang , Boyi Liu , Qi Cai , Lingxiao Wang , Zhaoran Wang