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Model merging has gained increasing attention due to its intriguing property: interpolating the parameters of different task-specific fine-tuned models leads to multi-task abilities. However, despite its empirical success, the underlying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zijun Chen , Zhanpeng Zhou , Bo Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Xi Sun , Junchi Yan

In this work, we explore the limitations of combining models by averaging intermediate features, referred to as model merging, and propose a new direction for achieving collective model intelligence through what we call compatible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jyothish Pari , Samy Jelassi , Pulkit Agrawal

Model merging enables the reuse of fine-tuned models without joint training or access to original data. Dynamic merging further improves flexibility by selectively activating task-relevant parameters and efficiently composing experts across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Guodong Du , Wanyu Lin

Sparse mixture of experts provides larger model capacity while requiring a constant computational overhead. It employs the routing mechanism to distribute input tokens to the best-matched experts according to their hidden representations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Shaohan Huang , Damai Dai , Shuming Ma , Barun Patra , Saksham Singhal , Payal Bajaj , Xia Song , Xian-Ling Mao , Heyan Huang , Furu Wei

Model merging and task arithmetic have emerged as promising scalable approaches to merge multiple single-task checkpoints to one multi-task model, but their applicability is reduced by significant performance loss. Previous works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Ke Wang , Nikolaos Dimitriadis , Guillermo Ortiz-Jimenez , François Fleuret , Pascal Frossard

Model merging combines multiple expert models - finetuned from a base foundation model on diverse tasks and domains - into a single, more capable model. However, most existing model merging approaches assume that all experts are available…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Sebastian Dziadzio , Vishaal Udandarao , Karsten Roth , Ameya Prabhu , Zeynep Akata , Samuel Albanie , Matthias Bethge

Model merging has achieved significant success, with numerous innovative methods proposed to enhance capabilities by combining multiple models. However, challenges persist due to the lack of a unified framework for classification and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Wei Ruan , Tianze Yang , Yifan Zhou , Tianming Liu , Jin Lu

Model merging aims to combine multiple fine-tuned models into a single set of weights that performs well across all source tasks. While prior work has shown that merging can approximate the performance of individual fine-tuned models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Mohammadsajad Alipour , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

Model merging techniques aim to integrate the abilities of multiple models into a single model. Most model merging techniques have hyperparameters, and their setting affects the performance of the merged model. Because several existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rio Akizuki , Yuya Kudo , Nozomu Yoshinari , Yoichi Hirose , Toshiyuki Nishimoto , Kento Uchida , Shinichi Shirakawa

Model merging efficiently aggregates capabilities from multiple fine-tuned models into a single one, operating purely in parameter space without original data or expensive re-computation. Despite empirical successes, a unified theory for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Qinglun Li , Anke Tang , Miao Zhang , Mengzhu Wang , Quanjun Yin , Li Shen

Multi-task model merging aims to consolidate knowledge from multiple fine-tuned task-specific experts into a unified model while minimizing performance degradation. Existing methods primarily approach this by minimizing differences between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Wenju Sun , Qingyong Li , Wen Wang , Yang Liu , Yangli-ao Geng , Boyang Li

Model merging combines fine-tuned checkpoints into a single multi-task model without retraining. Existing methods - such as task arithmetic, model soups, TIES, and DARE - are computationally efficient and empirically successful, but rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Bethan Evans , Benjamin Etheridge , Stephen Roberts , Jared Tanner

Model merging, such as model souping, is the practice of combining different models with the same architecture together without further training. In this work, we present a model merging methodology that addresses the difficulty of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Lucas Bandarkar , Benjamin Muller , Pritish Yuvraj , Rui Hou , Nayan Singhal , Hongjiang Lv , Bing Liu

Efficiently merging several models fine-tuned for different tasks, but stemming from the same pretrained base model, is of great practical interest. Despite extensive prior work, most evaluations of model merging in computer vision are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Pau de Jorge , César Roberto de Souza , Björn Michele , Mert Bülent Sarıyıldız , Philippe Weinzaepfel , Florent Perronnin , Diane Larlus , Yannis Kalantidis

Multi-task model merging offers a promising paradigm for integrating multiple expert models into a unified model without additional training. Existing state-of-the-art techniques, such as Task Arithmetic and its variants, merge models by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Wenju Sun , Qingyong Li , Yangli-ao Geng , Boyang Li

Merging has become a widespread way to cheaply combine individual models into a single model that inherits their capabilities and attains better performance. This popularity has spurred rapid development of many new merging methods, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Derek Tam , Yash Kant , Brian Lester , Igor Gilitschenski , Colin Raffel

Text embeddings are vital for tasks such as text retrieval and semantic textual similarity (STS). Recently, the advent of pretrained language models, along with unified benchmarks like the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB), has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Mingxin Li , Zhijie Nie , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Richong Zhang , Pengjun Xie

Model merging aggregates Large Language Models (LLMs) finetuned on different tasks into a stronger one. However, parameter conflicts between models leads to performance degradation in averaging. While model routing addresses this issue by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kunfeng Lai , Zhenheng Tang , Xinglin Pan , Peijie Dong , Xiang Liu , Haolan Chen , Li Shen , Bo Li , Xiaowen Chu

Model merging is a technique that combines multiple large pretrained models into a single model with enhanced performance and broader task adaptability. It has gained popularity in large pretrained model development due to its ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Yu Zhou , Xingyu Wu , Jibin Wu , Liang Feng , Kay Chen Tan

Recent advancements in building domain-specific large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success, especially in tasks requiring reasoning abilities like logical inference over complex relationships and multi-step problem solving.…