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Code smells indicate the potential problems of software quality so that developers can identify refactoring opportunities by detecting code smells. State-of-the-art approaches leverage heuristics, machine learning, and deep learning to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Haiyang Liu , Yang Zhang , Vidya Saikrishna , Quanquan Tian , Kun Zheng

Microservice architecture has become a dominant architectural style in the service-oriented software industry. Poor practices in the design and development of microservices are called microservice bad smells. In microservice bad smells…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Weipan Yang , Yongchao Xing , Yiming Lyu , Zhihao Liang , Zhiying Tu

Architectural technical debt (ATD) represents trade-offs in software architecture that accelerate initial development but create long-term maintenance challenges. ATD, in particular when self-admitted, impacts the foundational structure of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Edi Sutoyo , Paris Avgeriou , Andrea Capiluppi

A high imbalance exists between technical debt and non-technical debt source code comments. Such imbalance affects Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) detection performance, and existing literature lacks empirical evidence on the choice of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Murali Sridharan , Mika Mantyla , Leevi Rantala , Maelick Claes

Much of the existing ML research focuses on model performance metrics, leaving limited attention to the long-term sustainability and resource efficiency of ML applications. While high performance is essential, ensuring efficient resource…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Bashar Abdallah , Martyna E. Wojciechowska , Gustavo Santos , Edmand Yu , Maxime Lamothe , Alain Abran , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Context: Software specifications are usually written in natural language and may suffer from imprecision, ambiguity, and other quality issues, called thereafter, requirement smells. Requirement smells can hinder the development of a project…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Emanuele Gentili , Davide Falessi

Context: Technical Debt requirements are related to the distance between the ideal value of the specification and the system's actual implementation, which are consequences of strategic decisions for immediate gains, or unintended changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Ana Melo , Roberta Fagundes , Valentina Lenarduzzi , Wylliams Santos

With the increasing reliance on software and automation nowadays, tight deadlines, limited resources, and prioritization of functionality over security can lead to insecure coding practices. When not handled properly, these constraints…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Chaima Boufaied , Taher Ghaleb , Zainab Masood

Gender stereotypes in introductory programming courses often go unnoticed, yet they can negatively influence young learners' interest and learning, particularly under-represented groups such as girls. Popular tutorials on block-based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Isabella Graßl , Benedikt Fein , Gordon Fraser

Context: Test smells are symptoms of sub-optimal design choices adopted when developing test cases. Previous studies have proved their harmfulness for test code maintainability and effectiveness. Therefore, researchers have been proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Valeria Pontillo , Dario Amoroso d'Aragona , Fabiano Pecorelli , Dario Di Nucci , Filomena Ferrucci , Fabio Palomba

Software and systems traceability is essential for downstream tasks such as data-driven software analysis and intelligent tool development. However, despite the increasing attention to mining and understanding technical debt in software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei , Yuan Tian

When developers use different keywords such as TODO and FIXME in source code comments to describe self-admitted technical debt (SATD), we refer it as Keyword-Labeled SATD (KL-SATD). We study KL-SATD from 33 software repositories with 13,588…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Leevi Rantala , Mika Mäntylä , David Lo

In the process of software evolution, developers often sacrifice the long-term code quality to satisfy the short-term goals due to specific reasons, which is called technical debt. In particular, self-admitted technical debt (SATD) refers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Zhaoqiang Guo , Shiran Liu , Jinping Liu , Yanhui Li , Lin Chen , Hongmin Lu , Yuming Zhou , Baowen Xu

Automated batch refactoring has become a de-facto mechanism to restructure software that may have significant design flaws negatively impacting the code quality and maintainability. Although automated batch refactoring techniques are known…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Asif Imran , Tevfik Kosar , Jaroslaw Zola , Muhammed Fatih Bulut

Background: Technical debt (TD) has been widely discussed in software engineering research, and there is an emerging literature linking it to developer characteristics. However, developer personality has not yet been studied in this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Lorenz Graf-Vlachy , Stefan Wagner

Spreadsheets are commonly used in organizations as a programming tool for business-related calculations and decision making. Since faults in spreadsheets can have severe business impacts, a number of approaches from general software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Patrick Koch , Konstantin Schekotihin , Dietmar Jannach , Birgit Hofer , Franz Wotawa

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant potential in automating software engineering tasks, particularly in code generation. However, current evaluation benchmarks, which primarily focus on accuracy, fall short in assessing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Alejandro Velasco , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Luftar Rahman Alif , David N. Palacio , Denys Poshyvanyk

The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in code-related tasks. However, most research focuses on improving the output quality of LLMs (e.g., correctness), and less attention has been paid to the LLM input (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhipeng Xue , Xiaoting Zhang , Zhipeng Gao , Xing Hu , Shan Gao , Xin Xia , Shanping Li

Context: A substantial amount of work has been done to detect smells in source code using metrics-based and heuristics-based methods. Machine learning methods have been recently applied to detect source code smells; however, the current…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Tushar Sharma , Vasiliki Efstathiou , Panos Louridas , Diomidis Spinellis

To meet project timelines or budget constraints, developers intentionally deviate from writing optimal code to feasible code in what is known as incurring Technical Debt (TD). Furthermore, as part of planning their correction, developers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Anthony Peruma , Eman Abdullah AlOmar , Christian D. Newman , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer , Ali Ouni