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New low-precision accelerators, vector instruction sets, and library functions make maximizing accuracy and performance of numerical code increasingly challenging. Two lines of work$\unicode{x2013}$traditional compilers and numerical…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Brett Saiki , Jackson Brough , Jonas Regehr , Jesús Ponce , Varun Pradeep , Aditya Akhileshwaran , Zachary Tatlock , Pavel Panchekha

Complex software-driven systems often interleave distributed, concurrent computation processes with physical interactions with the environment. Developing these systems more efficiently and safely can be achieved by employing actionable,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Hiep Hong Trinh , Federico Ciccozzi , Abu Naser Masud , Marjan Sirjani , Mikael Sjödin

Training large language models (LLMs) imposes extreme demands on computation, memory capacity, and interconnect bandwidth, driven by their ever-increasing parameter scales and intensive data movement. Wafer-scale integration offers a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Huizheng Wang , Zichuan Wang , Hongbin Wang , Jingxiang Hou , Taiquan Wei , Chao Li , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

The development of deep learning architectures is a resource-demanding process, due to a vast design space, long prototyping times, and high compute costs associated with at-scale model training and evaluation. We set out to simplify this…

Neural networks are increasingly used in real-time systems, such as automated driving applications. This requires high-performance hardware with predictable timing behavior. State-of-the-art real-time hardware is limited in memory and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Maximilian Kirschner , Konstantin Dudzik , Jürgen Becker

Recently, crossbar array based in-memory accelerators have been gaining interest due to their high throughput and energy efficiency. While software and compiler support for the in-memory accelerators has also been introduced, they are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jihoon Park , Jeongin Choe , Dohyun Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

To increase performance and efficiency, systems use FPGAs as reconfigurable accelerators. A key challenge in designing these systems is partitioning computation between processors and an FPGA. An appropriate division of labor may be…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Endri Bezati , Mahyar Emami , Jörn Janneck , James Larus

Getting the best performance from the ever-increasing number of hardware platforms has been a recurring challenge for data processing systems. In recent years, the advent of data science with its increasingly numerous and complex types of…

The deep neural networks (DNNs) have been enormously successful in tasks that were hitherto in the human-only realm such as image recognition, and language translation. Owing to their success the DNNs are being explored for use in ever more…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Sanket Tavarageri , Srinivas Sridharan , Bharat Kaul

Current multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) frameworks suffer from linear memory scaling, rendering "System 2" parallel reasoning impractical on consumer hardware. We present Warp Cortex, an asynchronous architecture that theoretically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Jorge L. Ruiz Williams

We present Calyx, a new intermediate language (IL) for compiling high-level programs into hardware designs. Calyx combines a hardware-like structural language with a software-like control flow representation with loops and conditionals.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Rachit Nigam , Samuel Thomas , Zhijing Li , Adrian Sampson

Interest in deploying Deep Neural Network (DNN) inference on edge devices has resulted in an explosion of the number and types of hardware platforms to use. While the high-level programming interface, such as TensorFlow, can be readily…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Upasana Sridhar , Nicholai Tukanov , Elliott Binder , Tze Meng Low , Scott McMillan , Martin D. Schatz

We introduce DISTAL, a compiler for dense tensor algebra that targets modern distributed and heterogeneous systems. DISTAL lets users independently describe how tensors and computation map onto target machines through separate format and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Rohan Yadav , Alex Aiken , Fredrik Kjolstad

Spatial dataflow architectures such as reconfigurable dataflow accelerators (RDA) can provide much higher performance and efficiency than CPUs and GPUs. In particular, vectorized reconfigurable dataflow accelerators (vRDA) in recent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Alexander Rucker , Shiv Sundram , Coleman Smith , Matthew Vilim , Raghu Prabhakar , Fredrik Kjolstad , Kunle Olukotun

We propose a dense tensor accelerator called VectorMesh, a scalable, memory-efficient architecture that can support a wide variety of DNN and computer vision workloads. Its building block is a tile execution unit~(TEU), which includes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Yu-Sheng Lin , Wei-Chao Chen. Chia-Lin Yang , Shao-Yi Chien

Emerging AI accelerators increasingly adopt wafer-scale manufacturing technologies, integrating hundreds of thousands of AI cores in a mesh architecture with large distributed on-chip memory (tens of GB in total) and ultra-high on-chip…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Congjie He , Yeqi Huang , Pei Mu , Ziming Miao , Jilong Xue , Lingxiao Ma , Fan Yang , Luo Mai

Spatial dataflow accelerators are a promising direction for next-generation computer systems because they can reduce the memory bottlenecks of traditional von Neumann machines such as CPUs and GPUs. They organize computation around…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wei Li , Zhenyu Bai , Heru Wang , Pranav Dangi , Zhiqiang Zhang , Cheng Tan , Huiying Lan , Weng-Fai Wong , Tulika Mitra

Large Language Models (LLMs) impose massive computational demands, driving the need for scalable multi-chiplet accelerators. However, existing mapping space exploration efforts for such accelerators primarily focus on traditional…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Boyu Li , Zongwei Zhu , Yi Xiong , Qianyue Cao , Jiawei Geng , Xiaonan Zhang , Xi Li

Modern embedded and cyber-physical systems require every day more performance, power efficiency and flexibility, to execute several profiles and functionalities targeting the ever growing adaptivity needs and preserving execution…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Carlo Sau , Tiziana Fanni , Claudio Rubattu , Luigi Raffo , Francesca Palumbo

Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to revolutionize how we design and implement compilers and code translation tools. However, existing LLMs struggle to handle long and complex programs. We introduce LEGO-Compiler, a novel…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Shuoming Zhang , Jiacheng Zhao , Chunwei Xia , Zheng Wang , Yunji Chen , Xiaobing Feng , Huimin Cui