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In this paper, we explore the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to the pre-training of music. While the prevalent use of MIDI in music modeling is well-established, our findings suggest that LLMs are inherently more compatible…

Large language models (LLMs) excel at modeling relationships between strings in natural language and have shown promise in extending to other symbolic domains like coding or mathematics. However, the extent to which they implicitly model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Andrew Shin , Kunitake Kaneko

Music often shares notable parallels with language, motivating the use of pretrained large language models (LLMs) for symbolic music understanding and generation. Despite growing interest, the practical effectiveness of adapting…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Deepak Kumar , Emmanouil Karystinaios , Gerhard Widmer , Markus Schedl

Music is essential in daily life, fulfilling emotional and entertainment needs, and connecting us personally, socially, and culturally. A better understanding of music can enhance our emotions, cognitive skills, and cultural connections.…

Symbolic Music, akin to language, can be encoded in discrete symbols. Recent research has extended the application of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Llama2 to the symbolic music domain including understanding and generation.…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Ziya Zhou , Yuhang Wu , Zhiyue Wu , Xinyue Zhang , Ruibin Yuan , Yinghao Ma , Lu Wang , Emmanouil Benetos , Wei Xue , Yike Guo

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLM) for audio music have demonstrated strong capabilities in music understanding, yet symbolic music, a fundamental representation of musical structure, remains unexplored. In this…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Meng Yang , Jon McCormack , Maria Teresa Llano , Wanchao Su , Chao Lei

Symbolic Music Emotion Recognition(SMER) is to predict music emotion from symbolic data, such as MIDI and MusicXML. Previous work mainly focused on learning better representation via (mask) language model pre-training but ignored the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jibao Qiu , C. L. Philip Chen , Tong Zhang

Lyric-to-melody generation aims to automatically create melodies based on given lyrics, requiring the capture of complex and subtle correlations between them. However, previous works usually suffer from two main challenges: 1) lyric-melody…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-25 Jiaxing Yu , Xinda Wu , Yunfei Xu , Tieyao Zhang , Songruoyao Wu , Le Ma , Kejun Zhang

This document presents some early explorations of applying Softly Masked Language Modelling (SMLM) to symbolic music generation. SMLM can be seen as a generalisation of masked language modelling (MLM), where instead of each element of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Nicolas Jonason , Bob L. T. Sturm

Progress in the task of symbolic music generation may be lagging behind other tasks like audio and text generation, in part because of the scarcity of symbolic training data. In this paper, we leverage the greater scale of audio music data…

Modelling musical structure is vital yet challenging for artificial intelligence systems that generate symbolic music compositions. This literature review dissects the evolution of techniques for incorporating coherent structure, from…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Keshav Bhandari , Simon Colton

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming very popular and are used for many different purposes, including creative tasks in the arts. However, these models sometimes have trouble with specific reasoning tasks, especially those that involve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Anna Kruspe

While Large Language Models (LLMs) make symbolic music generation increasingly accessible, producing music with distinctive composition and rich expressiveness remains a significant challenge. Many studies have introduced emotion models to…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Dengyun Huang , Yonghua Zhu

Sequence modeling with neural networks has lead to powerful models of symbolic music data. We address the problem of exploiting these models to reach creative musical goals, by combining with human input. To this end we generalise previous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Christian Walder , Dongwoo Kim

The ''pretraining-and-finetuning'' paradigm has become a norm for training domain-specific models in natural language processing and computer vision. In this work, we aim to examine this paradigm for symbolic music generation through…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Weihan Xu , Julian McAuley , Shlomo Dubnov , Hao-Wen Dong

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in lyric-to-melody generation, but models trained with Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) often produce musically implausible melodies with issues like poor rhythm and unsuitable vocal ranges, a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hao Meng , Siyuan Zheng , Shuran Zhou , Qiangqiang Wang , Yang Song

Recent advancements in music large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved music understanding tasks, which involve the model's ability to analyze and interpret various musical elements. These improvements primarily focused on…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zhuoyuan Mao , Mengjie Zhao , Qiyu Wu , Hiromi Wakaki , Yuki Mitsufuji

Automatic music generation is an interdisciplinary research topic that combines computational creativity and semantic analysis of music to create automatic machine improvisations. An important property of such a system is allowing the user…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Ke Chen , Gus Xia , Shlomo Dubnov

We explore the use of large language models (LLMs) for music generation using a retrieval system to select relevant examples. We find promising initial results for music generation in a dialogue with the user, especially considering the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Nicolas Jonason , Luca Casini , Carl Thomé , Bob L. T. Sturm

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Guowei Wu , Shipei Liu , Xiaoya Fan
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