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There has been significant recent interest in understanding the capacity of Transformers for in-context learning (ICL), yet most theory focuses on supervised settings with explicitly labeled pairs. In practice, Transformers often perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Jiashuo Fan , Paul Rosu , Aaron T. Wang , Zeyu Michael Li , Lawrence Carin , Xiang Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, yet the quality of their predictions is fundamentally limited by the few costly labeled demonstrations that can fit into a prompt. Meanwhile, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Renpu Liu , Jing Yang

In-context learning (ICL) is the ability of a large language model (LLM) to learn a new task from a few demonstrations presented as part of the context. Past studies have attributed a large portion of the success of ICL to the way these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ioana Marinescu , Kyunghyun Cho , Eric Karl Oermann

In semi-supervised learning, information from unlabeled examples is used to improve the model learned from labeled examples. In some learning problems, partial label information can be inferred from otherwise unlabeled examples and used to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Colin B. Hansen , Vishwesh Nath , Diego A. Mesa , Yuankai Huo , Bennett A. Landman , Thomas A. Lasko

In-context Learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful capability alongside the development of scaled-up large language models (LLMs). By instructing LLMs using few-shot demonstrative examples, ICL enables them to perform a wide range of tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Quanyu Long , Yin Wu , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

In-context learning (ICL) i.e. showing LLMs only a few task-specific demonstrations has led to downstream gains with no task-specific fine-tuning required. However, LLMs are sensitive to the choice of prompts, and therefore a crucial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Lingyu Gao , Aditi Chaudhary , Krishna Srinivasan , Kazuma Hashimoto , Karthik Raman , Michael Bendersky

In semi-supervised classification, one is given access both to labeled and unlabeled data. As unlabeled data is typically cheaper to acquire than labeled data, this setup becomes advantageous as soon as one can exploit the unlabeled data in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Christina Göpfert , Shai Ben-David , Olivier Bousquet , Sylvain Gelly , Ilya Tolstikhin , Ruth Urner

In-context learning (ICL) is an emerging capability of large autoregressive language models where a few input-label demonstrations are appended to the input to enhance the model's understanding of downstream NLP tasks, without directly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zhuocheng Gong , Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

Self-training, a semi-supervised learning algorithm, leverages a large amount of unlabeled data to improve learning when the labeled data are limited. Despite empirical successes, its theoretical characterization remains elusive. To the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Shuai Zhang , Meng Wang , Sijia Liu , Pin-Yu Chen , Jinjun Xiong

In-Context Learning (ICL) empowers Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle diverse tasks by incorporating multiple input-output examples, known as demonstrations, into the input of LLMs. More recently, advancements in the expanded context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zihan Chen , Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

We present a methodology for using unlabeled data to design semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods that improve the predictive performance of supervised learning for regression tasks. The main idea is to design different mechanisms for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Oren Yuval , Saharon Rosset

Semi-supervised learning is a setting in which one has labeled and unlabeled data available. In this survey we explore different types of theoretical results when one uses unlabeled data in classification and regression tasks. Most methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Alexander Mey , Marco Loog

A weakly-supervised learning framework named as complementary-label learning has been proposed recently, where each sample is equipped with a single complementary label that denotes one of the classes the sample does not belong to. However,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-24 Yuzhou Cao , Shuqi Liu , Yitian Xu

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved great success in leveraging a large amount of unlabeled data to learn a promising classifier. A popular approach is pseudo-labeling that generates pseudo labels only for those unlabeled data with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Qinyi Deng , Yong Guo , Zhibang Yang , Haolin Pan , Jian Chen

Recently, Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) has shown much promise in leveraging unlabeled data while being provided with very few labels. In this paper, we show that ignoring the labels altogether for whole epochs intermittently during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Boaz Lerner , Guy Shiran , Daphna Weinshall

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models to perform few-shot learning by conditioning on labeled examples in the prompt. Despite its flexibility, ICL suffers from instability -- especially as prompt length increases with more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Josip Jukić , Jan Šnajder

Recent state-of-the-art methods in imbalanced semi-supervised learning (SSL) rely on confidence-based pseudo-labeling with consistency regularization. To obtain high-quality pseudo-labels, a high confidence threshold is typically adopted.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Zhuoran Yu , Yin Li , Yong Jae Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capacity for in-context learning (ICL), where learning a new task from just a few training examples is done without being explicitly pre-trained. However, despite the success of LLMs, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Xindi Wang , Yufei Wang , Can Xu , Xiubo Geng , Bowen Zhang , Chongyang Tao , Frank Rudzicz , Robert E. Mercer , Daxin Jiang

Semi-supervised learning is a powerful technique for leveraging unlabeled data to improve machine learning models, but it can be affected by the presence of ``informative'' labels, which occur when some classes are more likely to be labeled…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-16 Aude Sportisse , Hugo Schmutz , Olivier Humbert , Charles Bouveyron , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

Multi-view learning is widely applied to real-life datasets, such as multiple omics biological data, but it often suffers from both missing views and missing labels. Prior probabilistic approaches addressed the missing view problem by using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yiyang Shen , Weiran Wang
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