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Spatial fields in the Earth and environmental sciences are often available at multiple scales or resolutions. While coarse-scale data (e.g., from global circulation models) are often abundant, they lack the local detail provided by…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-01 Alejandro Calle-Saldarriaga , Paul F. V. Wiemann , Matthias Katzfuss

We present a method to downscale idealized geophysical fluid simulations using generative models based on diffusion maps. By analyzing the Fourier spectra of images drawn from different data distributions, we show how one can chain together…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Tobias Bischoff , Katherine Deck

We introduce a universal diffusion-based downscaling framework that lifts deterministic low-resolution weather forecasts into probabilistic high-resolution predictions without any model-specific fine-tuning. A single conditional diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Roberto Molinaro , Niall Siegenheim , Henry Martin , Mark Frey , Niels Poulsen , Philipp Seitz , Marvin Vincent Gabler

This study investigates the application of deep-learning diffusion models for the super-resolution of weather data, a novel approach aimed at enhancing the spatial resolution and detail of meteorological variables. Leveraging the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Jan Martinů , Petr Šimánek

The availability of reliable, high-resolution climate and weather data is important to inform long-term decisions on climate adaptation and mitigation and to guide rapid responses to extreme events. Forecasting models are limited by…

Aerosols exhibit periodic or cyclic variations depending on natural and anthropogenic sources over a region, which can get modulated by synoptic meteorological parameters such as winds, rainfall and relative humidity, and long-range…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2013-03-26 S. Ramachandran , Sayantan Ghosh , Amit Verma , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Score-based diffusion models are a recently developed framework for posterior sampling in Bayesian inverse problems with a state-of-the-art performance for severely ill-posed problems by leveraging a powerful prior distribution learned from…

Accurately representing surface precipitation is crucial for the operational use of weather and climate models. Presently, global numerical weather prediction (NWP) models struggle to accurately generate precipitation due to their…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Raul Moreno , Dale Durran

Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), a possible climate engineering strategy where reflective particles are injected into the stratosphere, has been explored to mitigate global warming and its associated risks, such as the intensification…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Cameron Dong , James W. Hurrell , Elizabeth A. Barnes

Data assimilation (DA) plays a pivotal role in numerical weather prediction by systematically integrating sparse observations with model forecasts to estimate optimal atmospheric initial condition for forthcoming forecasts. Traditional…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Jing-An Sun , Hang Fan , Junchao Gong , Ben Fei , Kun Chen , Fenghua Ling , Wenlong Zhang , Wanghan Xu , Li Yan , Pierre Gentine , Lei Bai

As our planet is entering into the "global boiling" era, understanding regional climate change becomes imperative. Effective downscaling methods that provide localized insights are crucial for this target. Traditional approaches, including…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-04-08 Fenghua Ling , Zeyu Lu , Jing-Jia Luo , Lei Bai , Swadhin K. Behera , Dachao Jin , Baoxiang Pan , Huidong Jiang , Toshio Yamagata

Accurate localization of non-cooperative signal sources in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) environments remains a critical challenge with a wide range of applications, including autonomous navigation, industrial automation, and emergency response.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-05 Xiucheng Wang , Qiming Zhang , Nan Cheng

Solar irradiance is fundamental data crucial for analyses related to weather and climate. High-precision estimation models are necessary to create areal data for solar irradiance. In this study, we developed a novel estimation model by…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Jun Sasaki , Maki Okada , Kenji Utsunomiya , Koji Yamaguchi

The evaluation of modelled or satellite-derived soil moisture (SM) estimates is usually dependent on comparisons against in-situ SM measurements. However, the inherent mismatch in spatial support (i.e., scale) necessitates a cautious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Yi Yu , Brendan P. Malone , Luigi J. Renzullo

A comprehensive geoscientific downscaling model strategy is presented outlining an approach that has evolved over the last 20 years, together with an explanation for its development, its technical aspects, and evaluation scheme. This effort…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-11-25 Rasmus E. Benestad

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a key variable for various applications, such as urban climate and ecology studies. Yet, existing satellite-derived LST products provide either high spatial or high temporal resolution, resulting in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Solomiia Kurchaba , Angela Meyer

Deep learning offers promising capabilities for the statistical downscaling of climate and weather forecasts, with generative approaches showing particular success in capturing fine-scale precipitation patterns. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Paula Harder , Christian Lessig , Matthew Chantry , Francis Pelletier , David Rolnick

Global climate projections rely on computationally demanding Earth System Models (ESMs), which are typically limited to coarse spatial resolutions due to their high cost. To obtain high-resolution projections for regions of interest, it is…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Erik Larsson , Ramon Fuentes-Franco , Mikhail Ivanov , Fredrik Lindsten

The increasing intensity and frequency of floods is one of the many consequences of our changing climate. In this work, we explore ML techniques that improve the flood detection module of an operational early flood warning system. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Shubhika Garg , Ben Feinstein , Shahar Timnat , Vishal Batchu , Gideon Dror , Adi Gerzi Rosenthal , Varun Gulshan

Accurate and high-resolution Earth system model (ESM) simulations are essential to assess the ecological and socio-economic impacts of anthropogenic climate change, but are computationally too expensive to be run at sufficiently high…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Philipp Hess , Michael Aich , Baoxiang Pan , Niklas Boers