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With extensive pre-trained knowledge and high-level general capabilities, large language models (LLMs) emerge as a promising avenue to augment reinforcement learning (RL) in aspects such as multi-task learning, sample efficiency, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Yuji Cao , Huan Zhao , Yuheng Cheng , Ting Shu , Yue Chen , Guolong Liu , Gaoqi Liang , Junhua Zhao , Jinyue Yan , Yun Li

Recommender systems (RS) have become essential tools for helping users efficiently navigate the overwhelming amount of information on e-commerce and social platforms. However, traditional RS relying on Collaborative Filtering (CF) struggles…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Mingdai Yang , Zhiwei Liu , Liangwei Yang , Xiaolong Liu , Chen Wang , Hao Peng , Philip S. Yu

Tokenization is a fundamental component of large language models (LLMs), yet its influence on model scaling and performance is not fully explored. In this paper, we introduce Over-Tokenized Transformers, a novel framework that decouples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Hongzhi Huang , Defa Zhu , Banggu Wu , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Qiyang Min , Xun Zhou

The prevailing assumption of an exponential decay in large language model (LLM) reliability with sequence length, predicated on independent per-token error probabilities, posits an inherent limitation for long autoregressive outputs. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Mikhail L. Arbuzov , Sisong Bei , Ziwei Dong , Dmitri Kalaev , Alexey A. Shvets

We introduce ToRL (Tool-Integrated Reinforcement Learning), a framework for training large language models (LLMs) to autonomously use computational tools via reinforcement learning. Unlike supervised fine-tuning, ToRL allows models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Xuefeng Li , Haoyang Zou , Pengfei Liu

Successful application of large language models (LLMs) to robotic planning and execution may pave the way to automate numerous real-world tasks. Promising recent research has been conducted showing that the knowledge contained in LLMs can…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ateeq Sharfuddin , Travis Breaux

This research introduces a transformative framework for integrating Vision-Enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) with advanced transformer-based architectures to tackle challenges in high-resolution image synthesis and multimodal data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Karthikeya KV

Classes, as fundamental elements of Computer Vision, have been extensively studied within incremental learning frameworks. In contrast, tokens, which play essential roles in many research fields, exhibit similar characteristics of growth,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jiaxin Qi , Yan Cui , Jianqiang Huang , Gaogang Xie

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are often trained on datasets of query-response pairs, which embed the ability to use tools or APIs directly into the parametric knowledge of LLMs. Tool-augmented LLMs need the ability to forget…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiali Cheng , Hadi Amiri

Large language models (LLMs) face significant token efficiency bottlenecks in code generation and logical reasoning tasks, a challenge that directly impacts inference cost and model interpretability. This paper proposes a formal framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Lumen AI , Tengzhou No. 1 Middle School , Shihao Ji , Zihui Song , Fucheng Zhong , Jisen Jia , Zhaobo Wu , Zheyi Cao , Tianhao Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made substantial strides in structured tasks through Reinforcement Learning (RL), demonstrating proficiency in mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, applying RL in broader domains like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Hao Sun , Yunyi Shen , Jean-Francois Ton , Mihaela van der Schaar

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing approaches mainly rely on imitation learning and struggle to achieve effective test-time scaling. While reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Zhenyu Hou , Xin Lv , Rui Lu , Jiajie Zhang , Yujiang Li , Zijun Yao , Juanzi Li , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Token filtering has been proposed to enhance the utility of large language models (LLMs) by eliminating inconsequential tokens during training. While usingfewer tokens is expected to reduce computational workloads, existing methods have not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Di Chai , Pengbo Li , Feiyuan Zhang , Yilun Jin , Han Tian , Kaiqiang Xu , Binhang Yuan , Dian Shen , Junxue Zhang , Kai Chen

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria

Language Models (LMs) excel in natural language processing tasks for English but show reduced performance in most other languages. This problem is commonly tackled by continually pre-training and fine-tuning these models for said languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Nandini Mundra , Aditya Nanda Kishore , Raj Dabre , Ratish Puduppully , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Mitesh M. Khapra

The remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) has motivated researchers to adapt them as universal predictors for various graph-related tasks, with the ultimate goal of developing a graph foundation model that generalizes diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhongjian Zhang , Xiao Wang , Mengmei Zhang , Jiarui Tan , Chuan Shi

Tokenizer is an essential component for large language models (LLMs), and a tokenizer with a high compression rate can improve the model's representation and processing efficiency. However, the tokenizer cannot ensure high compression rate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Shuhao Gu , Mengdi Zhao , Bowen Zhang , Liangdong Wang , Jijie Li , Guang Liu

Pre-trained large-scale language models (LLMs) excel at producing coherent articles, yet their outputs may be untruthful, toxic, or fail to align with user expectations. Current approaches focus on using reinforcement learning with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Dehong Xu , Liang Qiu , Minseok Kim , Faisal Ladhak , Jaeyoung Do

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently developed new advanced functionalities. Their effectiveness relies on statistical learning and generalization capabilities. However, they face limitations in internalizing the data they process and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Farah Ben Slama , Frédéric Armetta

Conversational modeling using Large Language Models (LLMs) requires a nuanced understanding of context to generate coherent and contextually relevant responses. In this paper, we present Token Trails, a novel approach that leverages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Md. Kowsher , Ritesh Panditi , Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Prakash Bhat , Anupam Kumar Bairagi , Mohammad Shamsul Arefin
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