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Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) have recently garnered attention for their ability to model complex, large-scale time series data across domains such as retail, finance, and transportation. However, their application to sensitive,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Divij Gupta , Anubhav Bhatti , Surajsinh Parmar

Multivariate time series (MTS) forecasting has attracted much attention in many intelligent applications. It is not a trivial task, as we need to consider both intra-variable dependencies and inter-variable dependencies. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Donghui Chen , Ling Chen , Zongjiang Shang , Youdong Zhang , Bo Wen , Chenghu Yang

Recently, deep learning has driven significant advancements in multivariate time series forecasting (MTSF) tasks. However, much of the current research in MTSF tends to evaluate models from a holistic perspective, which obscures the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shuang Liang , Chaochuan Hou , Xu Yao , Shiping Wang , Minqi Jiang , Songqiao Han , Hailiang Huang

Deep learning (e.g., Transformer) has been widely and successfully used in multivariate time series forecasting (MTSF). Unlike existing methods that focus on training models from a single modal of time series input, large language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Peiyuan Liu , Hang Guo , Tao Dai , Naiqi Li , Jigang Bao , Xudong Ren , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Time-Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) excel at zero-shot unimodal forecasting using numerical data, but unlike LLMs they cannot consume multimodal, non-numerical context that often shape real-world trajectories. In this work, we bridge this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Haoxin Liu , Yichen Zhou , Rajat Sen , B. Aditya Prakash , Abhimanyu Das

Foundation models have emerged as a promising approach in time series forecasting (TSF). Existing approaches either repurpose large language models (LLMs) or build large-scale time series datasets to develop TSF foundation models for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Mouxiang Chen , Lefei Shen , Zhuo Li , Xiaoyun Joy Wang , Jianling Sun , Chenghao Liu

The short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is widely used for analyzing non-stationary signals. However, its performance is highly sensitive to its parameters, and manual or heuristic tuning often yields suboptimal results. To overcome this…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Maxime Leiber , Yosra Marnissi , Axel Barrau , Sylvain Meignen , Laurent Massoulié

The performance of time series forecasting has recently been greatly improved by the introduction of transformers. In this paper, we propose a general multi-scale framework that can be applied to the state-of-the-art transformer-based time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Amin Shabani , Amir Abdi , Lili Meng , Tristan Sylvain

The diversity of time series applications and scarcity of domain-specific data highlight the need for time-series models with strong few-shot learning capabilities. In this work, we propose a novel training scheme and a transformer-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ege Onur Taga , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Samet Oymak

This study investigates zero-shot forecasting capabilities of Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) for macroeconomic indicators. We apply TSFMs to forecasting economic indicators under univariate conditions, bypassing the need for train…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jittarin Jetwiriyanon , Teo Susnjak , Surangika Ranathunga

Decision-making in building energy systems critically depends on the predictive accuracy of relevant time-series models. In scenarios lacking extensive data from a target building, foundation models (FMs) represent a promising technology…

Time series forecasting (TSF) possesses great practical values in various fields, including power and energy, transportation, etc. TSF methods have been studied based on knowledge from classical statistics to modern deep learning. Yet, all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Luoxiao Yang , Yun Wang , Xinqi Fan , Israel Cohen , Jingdong Chen , Zijun Zhang

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a critical step in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human instructions and values, yet many aspects of SFT remain poorly understood. We trained a wide range of base models on a variety of datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yuto Harada , Yusuke Yamauchi , Yusuke Oda , Yohei Oseki , Yusuke Miyao , Yu Takagi

Current language model training commonly applies multi-task Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) using a homogeneous compute budget across all sub-datasets. This approach is fundamentally sub-optimal: heterogeneous learning dynamics cause…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Woosung Koh , Jeyoung Jeon , Youngjin Song , Yujin Cheon , Soowon Oh , Jaehyeong Choi , Se-Young Yun

Time series analysis is crucial for understanding dynamics of complex systems. Recent advances in foundation models have led to task-agnostic Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) and Large Language Model-based Time Series Models (TSLLMs),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Xu Liu , Taha Aksu , Juncheng Liu , Qingsong Wen , Yuxuan Liang , Caiming Xiong , Silvio Savarese , Doyen Sahoo , Junnan Li , Chenghao Liu

Multivariate time series forecasting is a pivotal task in several domains, including financial planning, medical diagnostics, and climate science. This paper presents the Neural Fourier Transform (NFT) algorithm, which combines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Noam Koren , Kira Radinsky

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) are a class of potentially powerful, general-purpose tools for time series forecasting and related temporal tasks, but their behavior is strongly shaped by subtle inductive biases in their design.…

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of foundation models often leads to poor generalization, where prior capabilities deteriorate after tuning on new tasks or domains. Inspired by trust-region policy optimization (TRPO) and proximal policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Wenhong Zhu , Ruobing Xie , Rui Wang , Xingwu Sun , Di Wang , Pengfei Liu

Multi-horizon forecasting problems often contain a complex mix of inputs -- including static (i.e. time-invariant) covariates, known future inputs, and other exogenous time series that are only observed historically -- without any prior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-29 Bryan Lim , Sercan O. Arik , Nicolas Loeff , Tomas Pfister

Time-Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) are rapidly transitioning from research prototypes to core components of critical decision-making systems, driven by their impressive zero-shot forecasting capabilities. However, as their deployment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jiawen Zhang , Zhenwei Zhang , Shun Zheng , Xumeng Wen , Jia Li , Jiang Bian