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Visual Question-Answering (VQA) is a challenging multimodal task that requires integrating visual and textual information to generate accurate responses. While multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (mRAG) has shown promise in enhancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zhuo Chen , Xinyu Geng , Xinyu Wang , Yong Jiang , Zhen Zhang , Pengjun Xie , Kewei Tu

The rapid advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly enhanced capabilities in Document Understanding. However, prevailing benchmarks like DocVQA and ChartQA predominantly comprise \textit{scanned or digital}…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 An-Lan Wang , Jingqun Tang , Liao Lei , Hao Feng , Qi Liu , Xiang Fei , Jinghui Lu , Han Wang , Weiwei Liu , Hao Liu , Yuliang Liu , Xiang Bai , Can Huang

Multimodal documents contain diverse elements, such as tables, figures, and layouts, which can complicate retrieval tasks. While current approaches typically combine dense visual embedding models with supervised rerankers to achieve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ruofan Hu , Menghui Zhu , Jieming Zhu , Bo Chen , Shengyang Xu , Minjie Hong , Xiaoda Yang , Sashuai Zhou , Li Tang , Tao Jin , Zhou Zhao

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at visual reasoning but still struggle with integrating external knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising solution, but current methods remain inefficient and often fail to maintain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Gen Li , Peiyu Liu

Multi-modal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a critical method for empowering LLMs by leveraging candidate visual documents. However, current methods consider the entire document as the basic retrieval unit, introducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yinglu Li , Zhiying Lu , Zhihang Liu , Yiwei Sun , Chuanbin Liu , Hongtao Xie

Documents are visually rich structures that convey information through text, but also figures, page layouts, tables, or even fonts. Since modern retrieval systems mainly rely on the textual information they extract from document pages to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Manuel Faysse , Hugues Sibille , Tony Wu , Bilel Omrani , Gautier Viaud , Céline Hudelot , Pierre Colombo

The multi-modal long-context document question-answering task aims to locate and integrate multi-modal evidences (such as texts, tables, charts, images, and layouts) distributed across multiple pages, for question understanding and answer…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ziyu Gong , Chengcheng Mai , Yihua Huang

The ability to understand and answer questions over documents can be useful in many business and practical applications. However, documents often contain lengthy and diverse multimodal contents such as texts, figures, and tables, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yew Ken Chia , Liying Cheng , Hou Pong Chan , Chaoqun Liu , Maojia Song , Sharifah Mahani Aljunied , Soujanya Poria , Lidong Bing

Despite significant progress in multimodal large language models (MLLMs), their performance on complex, multi-page document comprehension remains inadequate, largely due to the lack of high-quality, document-level datasets. While current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yuchen Duan , Zhe Chen , Yusong Hu , Weiyun Wang , Shenglong Ye , Botian Shi , Lewei Lu , Qibin Hou , Tong Lu , Hongsheng Li , Jifeng Dai , Wenhai Wang

Understanding multimodal long-context documents that comprise multimodal chunks such as paragraphs, figures, and tables is challenging due to (1) cross-modal heterogeneity to localize relevant information across modalities, (2) cross-page…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yongyue Zhang , Yaxiong Wu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has recently demonstrated the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the knowledge-intensive tasks such as Question-Answering (QA). RAG expands the query context by incorporating external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zijian Hei , Weiling Liu , Wenjie Ou , Juyi Qiao , Junming Jiao , Guowen Song , Ting Tian , Yi Lin

Comprehending long visual documents, where information is distributed across extensive pages of text and visual elements, is a critical but challenging task for modern Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Existing approaches falter on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Dawei Zhu , Rui Meng , Jiefeng Chen , Sujian Li , Tomas Pfister , Jinsung Yoon

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have revolutionized information retrieval and question answering, but traditional text-based chunking methods struggle with complex document structures, multi-page tables, embedded figures, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Vishesh Tripathi , Tanmay Odapally , Indraneel Das , Uday Allu , Biddwan Ahmed

Document Visual Question Answering (DocVQA) requires models to jointly understand textual semantics, spatial layout, and visual features. Current methods struggle with explicit spatial relationship modeling, inefficiency with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ahmad Mohammadshirazi , Pinaki Prasad Guha Neogi , Dheeraj Kulshrestha , Rajiv Ramnath

Vision-language retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become an effective approach for tackling Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering (KB-VQA), which requires external knowledge beyond the visual content presented in images. The…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Wei Yang , Jingjing Fu , Rui Wang , Jinyu Wang , Lei Song , Jiang Bian

Many recent document embedding models are trained on document-as-image representations, embedding rendered pages as images rather than the underlying source. Meanwhile, existing benchmarks for scientific document retrieval, such as ArXivQA…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ghazal Khalighinejad , Raghuveer Thirukovalluru , Alexander H. Oh , Bhuwan Dhingra

Visually rich documents (VRDs) challenge retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with layout-dependent semantics, brittle OCR, and evidence spread across complex figures and structured tables. This survey examines how Multimodal Large Language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Xiantao Zhang

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable achievements, yet the generation of non-factual responses remains prevalent in fact-seeking question answering (QA). Current multimodal fact-seeking benchmarks primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yanling Wang , Yihan Zhao , Xiaodong Chen , Shasha Guo , Lixin Liu , Haoyang Li , Yong Xiao , Jing Zhang , Qi Li , Ke Xu

Understanding documents with rich layouts and multi-modal components is a long-standing and practical task. Recent Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have made remarkable strides in various tasks, particularly in single-page document…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Yubo Ma , Yuhang Zang , Liangyu Chen , Meiqi Chen , Yizhu Jiao , Xinze Li , Xinyuan Lu , Ziyu Liu , Yan Ma , Xiaoyi Dong , Pan Zhang , Liangming Pan , Yu-Gang Jiang , Jiaqi Wang , Yixin Cao , Aixin Sun

Enterprise documents such as forms, invoices, receipts, reports, contracts, and other similar records, often carry rich semantics at the intersection of textual and spatial modalities. The visual cues offered by their complex layouts play a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Dongsheng Wang , Natraj Raman , Mathieu Sibue , Zhiqiang Ma , Petr Babkin , Simerjot Kaur , Yulong Pei , Armineh Nourbakhsh , Xiaomo Liu