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Political scientists are rapidly adopting large language models (LLMs) for text annotation, yet the sensitivity of annotation results to implementation choices remains poorly understood. Most evaluations test a single model or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Lorcan McLaren , James Cross , Zuzanna Krakowska , Robin Rauner , Martijn Schoonvelde

Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to revolutionize computational social science, particularly in automated textual analysis. In this paper, we conduct a systematic evaluation of the promises and risks associated with using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hao Lin , Yongjun Zhang

Having a unified, coherent taxonomy is essential for effective knowledge representation in domain-specific applications as diverse terminologies need to be mapped to underlying concepts. Traditional manual approaches to taxonomy alignment…

Task-oriented conversational datasets often lack topic variability and linguistic diversity. However, with the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) pretrained on extensive, multilingual and diverse text data, these limitations seem…

Current approaches to the annotation process focus on annotation schemas, languages for annotation, or are very application driven. In this paper it is proposed that a more flexible architecture for annotation requires a knowledge component…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Afzal Ballim , Nastaran Fatemi , Hatem Ghorbel , Vincenzo Pallotta

What if large language models could not only infer human mindsets but also expose every blind spot in team dialogue such as discrepancies in the team members' joint understanding? We present a novel, two-step framework that leverages large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Katharine Kowalyshyn , Matthias Scheutz

Automatic Term Extraction (ATE) identifies domain-specific expressions that are crucial for downstream tasks such as machine translation and information retrieval. Although large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Yongchan Chun , Minhyuk Kim , Dongjun Kim , Chanjun Park , Heuiseok Lim

What are the limits of automated Twitter sentiment classification? We analyze a large set of manually labeled tweets in different languages, use them as training data, and construct automated classification models. It turns out that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Igor Mozetic , Miha Grcar , Jasmina Smailovic

When developing new large language models (LLMs), a key step is evaluating their final performance, often by computing the win-rate against a reference model based on external feedback. Human feedback is the gold standard, particularly for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Zhaoyi Zhou , Yuda Song , Andrea Zanette

Comprehending lyrics, as found in songs and poems, can pose a challenge to human and machine readers alike. This motivates the need for systems that can understand the ambiguity and jargon found in such creative texts, and provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-14 Lucas Sterckx , Jason Naradowsky , Bill Byrne , Thomas Demeester , Chris Develder

Many evaluations of large language models (LLMs) in text annotation focus primarily on the correctness of the output, typically comparing model-generated labels to human-annotated ``ground truth'' using standard performance metrics. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jiaman He , Zikang Leng , Dana McKay , Damiano Spina , Johanne R. Trippas

Table reasoning, which aims to generate the corresponding answer to the question following the user requirement according to the provided table, and optionally a text description of the table, effectively improving the efficiency of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Xuanliang Zhang , Dingzirui Wang , Longxu Dou , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Work done to uncover the knowledge encoded within pre-trained language models rely on annotated corpora or human-in-the-loop methods. However, these approaches are limited in terms of scalability and the scope of interpretation. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Basel Mousi , Nadir Durrani , Fahim Dalvi

While large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to summarize long documents, this trend poses significant challenges in the legal domain, where the factual accuracy of deposition summaries is crucial. Nugget-based methods have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz , Dave D. Lewis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential for offensive language detection, yet their ability to handle annotation disagreement remains underexplored. Disagreement samples, which arise from subjective interpretations, pose a unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junyu Lu , Kai Ma , Kaichun Wang , Kelaiti Xiao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Bo Xu , Liang Yang , Hongfei Lin

Aspect sentiment quad prediction (ASQP) facilitates a detailed understanding of opinions expressed in a text by identifying the opinion term, aspect term, aspect category and sentiment polarity for each opinion. However, annotating a full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Nils Constantin Hellwig , Jakob Fehle , Udo Kruschwitz , Christian Wolff

Search methods based on Pretrained Language Models (PLM) have demonstrated great effectiveness gains compared to statistical and early neural ranking models. However, fine-tuning PLM-based rankers requires a great amount of annotated…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Sophia Althammer , Guido Zuccon , Sebastian Hofstätter , Suzan Verberne , Allan Hanbury

Statutory law retrieval is a typical problem in legal language processing, that has various practical applications in law engineering. Modern deep learning-based retrieval methods have achieved significant results for this problem. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Hai-Long Nguyen , Tan-Minh Nguyen , Duc-Minh Nguyen , Thi-Hai-Yen Vuong , Ha-Thanh Nguyen , Xuan-Hieu Phan

Hate speech spreads widely online, harming individuals and communities, making automatic detection essential for large-scale moderation, yet detecting it remains difficult. Part of the challenge lies in subjectivity: what one person flags…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Paloma Piot , David Otero , Patricia Martín-Rodilla , Javier Parapar

Sentiment analysis is an important tool for aggregating patient voices, in order to provide targeted improvements in healthcare services. A prerequisite for this is the availability of in-domain data annotated for sentiment. This article…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Petter Mæhlum , David Samuel , Rebecka Maria Norman , Elma Jelin , Øyvind Andresen Bjertnæs , Lilja Øvrelid , Erik Velldal