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Protein-protein interaction (PPI) modeling has been widely studied as a binary or multi-label classification task. While emerging multimodal large language models (LLMs) can now describe single proteins, they remain unable to generate…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiao Fei , Sarah Almeida Carneiro , Yang Zhang , Lawrence P. Petalidis , Achilleas Tsortos , Costas Bouyioukos , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Proteins perform their biological functions through three-dimensional structures encoded by amino acid sequences, and ligand-binding protein co-design requires models that generate sequence-structure compatible proteins under explicit…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-28 Chen Wei , Fanding Xu , Minghao Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Lin Wang , Tianrui Jia , Yihang Zhou , Yang Zhang

Protein structures and functions are determined by a contiguous arrangement of amino acid sequences. Designing novel protein sequences and structures with desired geometry and functions is a complex task with large state spaces. Here we…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-09-01 Xeerak Agha , Nihang Fu , Jianjun Hu

Proteins, as essential biomolecules, play a central role in biological processes, including metabolic reactions and DNA replication. Accurate prediction of their properties and functions is crucial in biological applications. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Wei Wu , Chao Wang , Liyi Chen , Mingze Yin , Yiheng Zhu , Kun Fu , Jieping Ye , Hui Xiong , Zheng Wang

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are critical to normal cellular function and are related to many disease pathways. However, only 4% of PPIs are annotated with PTMs in biological knowledge databases such as IntAct, mainly performed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Aparna Elangovan , Yuan Li , Douglas E. V. Pires , Melissa J. Davis , Karin Verspoor

The structure of proteins is the basis for studying protein function and drug design. The emergence of AlphaFold 2 has greatly promoted the prediction of protein 3D structures, and it is of great significance to give an overall and accurate…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-02 Wenda Wang , Jiaqi Zhai , He Huang , Xinqi Gong

Designing protein-binding proteins with high affinity is critical in biomedical research and biotechnology. Despite recent advancements targeting specific proteins, the ability to create high-affinity binders for arbitrary protein targets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zhenqiao Song , Tiaoxiao Li , Lei Li , Martin Renqiang Min

Virtual screening of small molecules against protein targets can accelerate drug discovery and development by predicting drug-target interactions (DTIs). However, structure-based methods like molecular docking are too slow to allow for…

Motivation: Proteins are of great significance in living organisms. However, understanding their functions encounters numerous challenges, such as insufficient integration of multimodal information, a large number of training parameters,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhicong Wang , Zicheng Ma , Ziqiang Cao , Changlong Zhou , Jun Zhang , Yiqin Gao

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) govern nearly all cellular processes, yet computational methods for identifying binding partners typically produce ranked predictions without mechanistic justification. This creates a fundamental barrier…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-22 Kingsley Yeon , Xuefeng Liu , Promit Ghosal

Statistical analysis of evolutionary-related protein sequences provides insights about their structure, function, and history. We show that Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM), designed to learn complex high-dimensional data and their…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-02-28 Jérôme Tubiana , Simona Cocco , Rémi Monasson

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a crucial role in numerous biological processes. Developing methods that predict binding affinity changes under substitution mutations is fundamental for modelling and re-engineering biological…

Proteins are essential to life's processes, underpinning evolution and diversity. Advances in sequencing technology have revealed millions of proteins, underscoring the need for sophisticated pre-trained protein models for biological…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-25 Shujian Jiao , Bingxuan Li , Lei Wang , Xiaojin Zhang , Wei Chen , Jiajie Peng , Zhongyu Wei

Predicting interactions between biomolecules, such as protein-protein complexes, remains a challenging problem. Despite the many advancements done so far, the performances of docking protocols are deeply dependent on their capability of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-19 Greta Grassmann , Lorenzo Di Rienzo , Giancarlo Ruocco , Mattia Miotto , Edoardo Milanetti

Applying deep learning concepts from image detection and graph theory has greatly advanced protein-ligand binding affinity prediction, a challenge with enormous ramifications for both drug discovery and protein engineering. We build upon…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-05 Gregory W. Kyro , Rafael I. Brent , Victor S. Batista

Protein language models are a powerful tool for learning protein representations through pre-training on vast protein sequence datasets. However, traditional protein language models lack explicit structural supervision, despite its…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-09 Zuobai Zhang , Jiarui Lu , Vijil Chenthamarakshan , Aurélie Lozano , Payel Das , Jian Tang

Computationally predicting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is challenging due to the lack of integrated, multimodal protein representations. DPEB is a curated collection of 22,043 human proteins that integrates four embedding types:…

Protein retrieval, which targets the deconstruction of the relationship between sequences, structures and functions, empowers the advancing of biology. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), a sequence-similarity-based algorithm, has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Yuxuan Wu , Xiao Yi , Yang Tan , Huiqun Yu , Guisheng Fan , Gaowei Zheng

Multimodal approaches that integrate protein structure and sequence have achieved remarkable success in protein-protein interface prediction. However, extending these methods to protein-peptide interactions remains challenging due to the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Dian Chen , Yunkai Chen , Tong Lin , Sijie Chen , Xiaolin Cheng

Proteins adopt multiple structural conformations to perform their diverse biological functions, and understanding these conformations is crucial for advancing drug discovery. Traditional physics-based simulation methods often struggle with…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-14 Jiarui Lu , Xiaoyin Chen , Stephen Zhewen Lu , Chence Shi , Hongyu Guo , Yoshua Bengio , Jian Tang