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The traveling salesman (or salesperson) problem, short TSP, is a problem of strong interest to many researchers from mathematics, economics, and computer science. Manifold TSP variants occur in nearly every scientific field and application…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Sophia Saller , Jana Koehler , Andreas Karrenbauer

Graph Neural Networks (GNN) are a promising technique for bridging differential programming and combinatorial domains. GNNs employ trainable modules which can be assembled in different configurations that reflect the relational structure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Marcelo O. R. Prates , Pedro H. C. Avelar , Henrique Lemos , Luis Lamb , Moshe Vardi

Generating paired sequences with maximal compatibility from a given set is one of the most important challenges in various applications, including information and communication technologies. However, the number of possible pairings explodes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Naoki Fujita , Nicolas Chauvet , Andre Roehm , Ryoichi Horisaki , Aohan Li , Mikio Hasegawa , Makoto Naruse

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a popular NP-hard-combinatorial optimization problem that requires finding the optimal way for a salesman to travel through different cities once and return to the initial city. The existing methods…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Kapil Goswami , Gagan Anekonda Veereshi , Peter Schmelcher , Rick Mukherjee

Bi-level optimisation problems have gained increasing interest in the field of combinatorial optimisation in recent years. With this paper, we start the runtime analysis of evolutionary algorithms for bi-level optimisation problems. We…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-01-10 Dogan Corus , Per Kristian Lehre , Frank Neumann , Mojgan Pourhassan

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a challenging graph task in combinatorial optimization that requires reasoning about both local node neighborhoods and global graph structure. In this paper, we propose to use the novel Graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Amal Nammouchi , Hakim Ghazzai , Yehia Massoud

The characterization of strong valid inequalities for integer and mixed-integer programs is more of an artistic task than a systematic methodology, requiring inspiration that can sometimes be elusive. Frequently, this task is facilitated by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-04-17 Asghar Moeini , Kate Smith-Miles

Most of the current inference techniques rely upon Bayesian inference on Probabilistic Graphical Models of observations and do predictions and classification on observations. However, there is very little literature on the mining of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Sue Sin Chong

Investigation of detailed and complex optimisation problem formulations that reflect realistic scenarios is a burgeoning field of research. A growing body of work exists for the Travelling Thief Problem, including multi-objective…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Daniel Herring , Michael Kirley , Xin Yao

This work presents a tensor-network formulation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and several of its variants. The approach represents candidate tours with tensor-network layers, weights them by Boltzmann factors, and enforces…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Alejandro Mata Ali , Iñigo Perez Delgado , Aitor Moreno Fdez. de Leceta

Achieving generalization in neural approaches across different scales and distributions remains a significant challenge for the Traveling Salesman Problem~(TSP). A key obstacle is that neural networks often fail to learn robust principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Wenzhao Liu , Haoran Li , Congying Han , Zicheng Zhang , Anqi Li , Tiande Guo

We present an application of the tensor network generator-enhanced optimization (TN-GEO) framework to address the traveling salesman problem (TSP), a fundamental combinatorial optimization challenge. Our approach employs a tensor network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ryo Sakai , Chen-Yu Liu

Equation-based modelling is a powerful approach to tame the complexity of large-scale simulation problems. Equation-based tools automatically translate models into imperative languages. When confronted with nowadays' problems, however, well…

Machine learning has increasingly been employed to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, resulting in the emergence of neural solvers that demonstrate remarkable performance, even with minimal domain-specific knowledge. To…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Chengrui Gao , Haopu Shang , Ke Xue , Chao Qian

Most of the recent studies tackling routing problems like the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) with machine learning use a transformer or Graph Neural Network (GNN) based encoder architecture. However, many of them apply these encoders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Attila Lischka , Jiaming Wu , Rafael Basso , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani , Balázs Kulcsár

Efficient utilization of cooperating robots in the assembly of aircraft structures relies on balancing the workload of the robots and ensuring collision-free scheduling. We cast this problem as that of allocating a large number of…

Understanding the behaviour of heuristic search methods is a challenge. This even holds for simple local search methods such as 2-OPT for the Traveling Salesperson problem. In this paper, we present a general framework that is able to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Wanru Gao , Samadhi Nallaperuma , Frank Neumann

Several important optimization problems in the area of vehicle routing can be seen as a variant of the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP). In the area of evolutionary computation, the traveling thief problem (TTP) has gained…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Jakob Bossek , Katrin Casel , Pascal Kerschke , Frank Neumann

Combinatorial optimization serves as an essential part in many modern industrial applications. A great number of the problems are offline setting due to safety and/or cost issues. While simulation-based approaches appear difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Wenpeng Wei , Toshiko Aizono

Most neural solvers for the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) are trained to output a single solution, even though practitioners rarely stop there: at test time, they routinely spend extra compute on sampling or post-hoc search. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Andoni Irazusta Garmendia