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Color codes are a leading class of topological quantum error-correcting codes with modest error thresholds and structural compatibility with two-dimensional architectures, which make them well-suited for fault-tolerant quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Nitish Kumar Chandra , David Tipper , Reza Nejabati , Eneet Kaur , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

There are several models of quantum computation which exhibit shared fundamental fault-tolerance properties. This article makes commonalities explicit by presenting these different models in a unifying framework based on the ZX calculus. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Hector Bombin , Daniel Litinski , Naomi Nickerson , Fernando Pastawski , Sam Roberts

The four-legged cat code is a quantum error-correcting code designed to address the predominant error in bosonic modes: single-photon loss. It was the first such code to surpass the break-even point, thereby demonstrating the practical…

Large-scale quantum computation requires to be performed in the fault-tolerant manner. One crucial challenge of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is reducing the overhead of implementing logical gates. Recently work proposed…

Photonics represents one of the most promising approaches to large-scale quantum computation with millions of qubits and billions of gates, owing to the potential for room-temperature operation, high clock speeds, miniaturization of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Paul Renault , Patrick Yard , Raphael C. Pooser , Miller Eaton , Hussain Asim Zaidi

We introduce an adaptable and modular hybrid architecture designed for fault-tolerant quantum computing. It combines quantum emitters and linear-optical entangling gates to leverage the strength of both matter-based and photonic-based…

Fusion-based quantum computing (FBQC) offers a powerful approach to building a fault-tolerant universal quantum computer using photonic components -- single-photon sources, linear-optical circuits, single-photon detectors, and optical…

It has been known that quantum error correction via concatenated codes can be done with exponentially small failure rate if the error rate for physical qubits is below a certain accuracy threshold. Other, unconcatenated codes with their own…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 Eric Dennis

Steane code is one of the most widely studied quantum error-correction codes, which is a natural choice for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). However, the original Steane code is not fault-tolerant because the CNOT gates in an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-08 Qiqing Xia , Huiqin Xie , Li Yang

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) schemes using large block codes that encode $k>1$ qubits in $n$ physical qubits can potentially reduce the resource overhead to a great extent because of their high encoding rate. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 Yi-Cong Zheng , Ching-Yi Lai , Todd A. Brun , Leong-Chuan Kwek

Identifying the best families of quantum error correction (QEC) codes for near-term experiments is key to enabling fault-tolerant quantum computing. Ideally, such codes should have low overhead in qubit number, high physical error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Laura Pecorari , Guido Pupillo

Using transversal gates is a straightforward and efficient technique for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Since transversal gates alone cannot be computationally universal, they must be combined with other approaches such as magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Eesa Nikahd , Mehdi Sedighi , Morteza Saheb Zamani

Fault-tolerant quantum computation with bosonic qubits often necessitates the use of noisy discrete-variable ancillae. In this work, we establish a comprehensive and practical fault-tolerance framework for such a hybrid system and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-01 Qian Xu , Pei Zeng , Daohong Xu , Liang Jiang

In fault-tolerant quantum computing, quantum algorithms are implemented through quantum circuits capable of error correction. These circuits are typically constructed based on specific quantum error correction codes, with consideration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Ying Li

We reduce the extra qubits needed for two fault-tolerant quantum computing protocols: error correction, specifically syndrome bit measurement, and cat state preparation. For distance-three fault-tolerant syndrome extraction, we show an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Prithviraj Prabhu , Ben W. Reichardt

Quantum networks serve as the means to transmit information, encoded in quantum bits or qubits, between quantum processors that are physically separated. Given the instability of qubits, the design of such networks is challenging,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-23 Tianjie Hu , Jindi Wu , Qun Li

Quantum computation must be performed in a fault-tolerant manner to be realizable in practice. Recent progress has uncovered quantum error-correcting codes with sparse connectivity requirements and constant qubit overhead. Existing schemes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Dominic J. Williamson , Theodore J. Yoder

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

Photonics is the platform of choice to build a modular, easy-to-network quantum computer operating at room temperature. However, no concrete architecture has been presented so far that exploits both the advantages of qubits encoded into…

It is conjectured that quantum computers are able to solve certain problems more quickly than any deterministic or probabilistic computer. A quantum computer exploits the rules of quantum mechanics to speed up computations. However, it is a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-08-15 Salah A. Aly