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This article presents a new set representation named the hybrid zonotope that is equivalent to the union of $2^N$ constrained zonotopes -- convex polytopes -- through the addition of $N$ binary zonotope factors. The major contribution of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-26 Trevor J. Bird , Herschel C. Pangborn , Neera Jain , Justin P. Koeln

This paper proposes methods for reachability analysis of nonlinear systems in both open loop and closed loop with advanced controllers. The methods combine hybrid zonotopes, a construct called a state-update set, functional decomposition,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-26 Jacob A. Siefert , Trevor J. Bird , Andrew F. Thompson , Jonah J. Glunt , Justin P. Koeln , Neera Jain , Herschel C. Pangborn

We introduce sparse polynomial zonotopes, a new set representation for formal verification of hybrid systems. Sparse polynomial zonotopes can represent non-convex sets and are generalizations of zonotopes, polytopes, and Taylor models.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-20 Niklas Kochdumper , Matthias Althoff

In this paper, we propose reachability analysis using constrained polynomial logical zonotopes. We perform reachability analysis to compute the set of states that could be reached. To do this, we utilize a recently introduced set…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-21 Ahmad Hafez , Frank J. Jiang , Karl H. Johansson , Amr Alanwar

The increasing prevalence of neural networks in safety-critical control systems underscores the imperative need for rigorous methods to ensure the reliability and safety of these systems. This work introduces a novel approach employing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-20 Hang Zhang , Yuhao Zhang , Xiangru Xu

Hybrid zonotopes generalize constrained zonotopes by introducing additional binary variables and possess some unique properties that make them convenient to represent nonconvex sets. This paper presents novel hybrid zonotope-based methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-06 Yuhao Zhang , Xiangru Xu

Feedforward neural networks are widely used in autonomous systems, particularly for control and perception tasks within the system loop. However, their vulnerability to adversarial attacks necessitates formal verification before deployment…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Yuhao Zhang , Xiangru Xu

Hybrid systems play a crucial role in modeling real-world applications where discrete and continuous dynamics interact, including autonomous vehicles, power systems, and traffic networks. Safety verification for these systems requires…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-18 Peng Xie , Johannes Betz , Davide M. Raimondo , Amr Alanwar

This paper addresses a fundamental challenge in data-driven reachability analysis: accurately representing and propagating non-convex reachable sets. We propose a novel approach using constrained polynomial zonotopes to describe reachable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Zhen Zhang , M. Umar B. Niazi , Michelle S. Chong , Karl H. Johansson , Amr Alanwar

This paper presents a novel algorithm for reachability analysis of nonlinear discrete-time systems. The proposed method combines constrained zonotopes (CZs) with polyhedral relaxations of factorable representations of nonlinear functions to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-17 Brenner S. Rego , Guilherme V. Raffo , Marco H. Terra , Joseph K. Scott

This paper introduces zonoLAB, a MATLAB-based toolbox for set-based control system analysis using the hybrid zonotope set representation. Hybrid zonotopes have proven to be an expressive set representation that can exactly represent the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-11 Justin Koeln , Trevor J. Bird , Jacob Siefert , Justin Ruths , Herschel Pangborn , Neera Jain

Ellipsoids are a common representation for reachability analysis, because they can be transformed efficiently under affine maps, and allow conservative approximation of Minkowski sums, which let one incorporate uncertainty and linearization…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-23 Shreyas Kousik , Adam Dai , Grace Gao

This paper proposes a method for set-valued state estimation of nonlinear, discrete-time systems. This is achieved by combining graphs of functions representing system dynamics and measurements with the hybrid zonotope set representation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-19 Jacob A. Siefert , Andrew F. Thompson , Jonah J. Glunt , Herschel C. Pangborn

In real world applications, uncertain parameters are the rule rather than the exception. We present a reachability algorithm for linear systems with uncertain parameters and inputs using set propagation of polynomial zonotopes. In contrast…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-18 Yushen Huang , Ertai Luo , Stanley Bak , Yifan Sun

Set operations are well understood for convex sets but become considerably more challenging in the non-convex case due to the loss of structural properties in their representation. Constrained polynomial zonotopes (CPZs) offer an effective…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Bogdan Gheorghe , Amr Alanwar , Florin Stoican

This paper studies deterministic data-driven reachability analysis for dynamical systems with unknown dynamics and nonconvex reachable sets. Existing deterministic data-driven approaches typically employ zonotopic set representations, for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-06 Zhen Zhang , M. Umar B. Niazi , Michelle S. Chong , Karl H. Johansson , Amr Alanwar

We introduce constrained polynomial zonotopes, a novel non-convex set representation that is closed under linear map, Minkowski sum, Cartesian product, convex hull, intersection, union, and quadratic as well as higher-order maps. We show…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-04-05 Niklas Kochdumper , Matthias Althoff

In this paper, we introduce a set representation called polynomial logical zonotopes for performing exact and computationally efficient reachability analysis on logical systems. We prove that through this polynomial-like construction, we…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Amr Alanwar , Frank J. Jiang , Karl H. Johansson

Functional decomposition is a powerful tool for systems analysis because it can reduce a function of arbitrary input dimensions to the sum and superposition of functions of a single variable, thereby mitigating (or potentially avoiding) the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-20 Jonah J. Glunt , Jacob A. Siefert , Andrew F. Thompson , Justin Ruths , Herschel C. Pangborn

Mixed integer set representations, and specifically hybrid zonotopes, have enabled new techniques for reachability and verification of nonlinear and hybrid systems. Mixed-integer sets which have the property that their convex relaxation is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-17 Jonah J. Glunt , Joshua A. Robbins , Jacob A. Siefert , Daniel Silvestre , Herschel C. Pangborn
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