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The Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to offer efficient and intelligent services for future mobile communication networks, owing to their exceptional capabilities in language comprehension and generation. However, the extremely high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Haomiao Yang , Kunlan Xiang , Mengyu Ge , Hongwei Li , Rongxing Lu , Shui Yu

Large language models (LLMs) employ safety mechanisms to prevent harmful outputs, yet these defenses primarily rely on semantic pattern matching. We show that encoding harmful prompts as coherent mathematical problems -- using formalisms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Haoyu Zhang , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

Aligned LLMs are secure, capable of recognizing and refusing to answer malicious questions. However, the role of internal parameters in maintaining such security is not well understood yet, further these models can be vulnerable to security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Shen Li , Liuyi Yao , Lan Zhang , Yaliang Li

Large language models (LLMs) undergo safety alignment after training and tuning, yet recent work shows that safety can be bypassed through jailbreak attacks. While many jailbreaks and defenses exist, their cross-lingual generalization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Berk Atil , Rebecca J. Passonneau , Fred Morstatter

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive language capabilities but remain vulnerable to malicious prompts and jailbreaking attacks. Existing knowledge editing methods for LLM detoxification face two major challenges. First, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yifan Lu , Jing Li , Yigeng Zhou , Yihui Zhang , Wenya Wang , Xiucheng Li , Meishan Zhang , Fangming Liu , Jun Yu , Min Zhang

Despite extensive efforts in safety alignment, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Activation steering offers a training-free defense method but relies on fixed steering coefficients, resulting in suboptimal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Weixiang Zhao , Jiahe Guo , Yulin Hu , Yang Deng , An Zhang , Xingyu Sui , Xinyang Han , Yanyan Zhao , Bing Qin , Tat-Seng Chua , Ting Liu

Robust verbal confidence generated by large language models (LLMs) is crucial for the deployment of LLMs to help ensure transparency, trust, and safety in many applications, including those involving human-AI interactions. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Stephen Obadinma , Xiaodan Zhu

Misaligned research objectives have considerably hindered progress in adversarial robustness research over the past decade. For instance, an extensive focus on optimizing target metrics, while neglecting rigorous standardized evaluation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Leo Schwinn , Yan Scholten , Tom Wollschläger , Sophie Xhonneux , Stephen Casper , Stephan Günnemann , Gauthier Gidel

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized software development practices, yet concerns about their safety have arisen, particularly regarding hidden backdoors, aka trojans. Backdoor attacks involve the insertion of triggers into…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Aftab Hussain , Md Rafiqul Islam Rabin , Mohammad Amin Alipour

Many jailbreak attacks on large language models (LLMs) rely on a common objective: making the model respond with the prefix ``Sure, here is (harmful request)''. While straightforward, this objective has two limitations: limited control over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sicheng Zhu , Brandon Amos , Yuandong Tian , Chuan Guo , Ivan Evtimov

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) unlock powerful multimodal reasoning but also expand the attack surface, particularly through adversarial inputs that conceal harmful goals in benign prompts. We propose SHIELD, a lightweight,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Juan Ren , Mark Dras , Usman Naseem

Large-scale language models have achieved tremendous success across various natural language processing (NLP) applications. Nevertheless, language models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which inject stealthy triggers into models for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Yujin Huang , Terry Yue Zhuo , Qiongkai Xu , Han Hu , Xingliang Yuan , Chunyang Chen

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has marked significant achievements in language processing and reasoning capabilities. Despite their advancements, LLMs face vulnerabilities to data poisoning attacks, where the adversary inserts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiangyu Zhou , Yao Qiang , Saleh Zare Zade , Mohammad Amin Roshani , Prashant Khanduri , Douglas Zytko , Dongxiao Zhu

Extensive work has been devoted to improving the safety mechanism of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, LLMs still tend to generate harmful responses when faced with malicious instructions, a phenomenon referred to as "Jailbreak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yanrui Du , Sendong Zhao , Ming Ma , Yuhan Chen , Bing Qin

This paper focuses on jailbreaking attacks against large language models (LLMs), eliciting them to generate objectionable content in response to harmful user queries. Unlike previous LLM-jailbreak methods that directly orient to LLMs, our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Haoxuan Ji , Zheng Lin , Zhenxing Niu , Xinbo Gao , Gang Hua

Jailbreak attacks pose a serious threat to the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) by crafting adversarial prompts that bypass alignment mechanisms, causing the models to produce harmful, restricted, or biased content. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xiangman Li , Xiaodong Wu , Qi Li , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

The prevalence and strong capability of large language models (LLMs) present significant safety and ethical risks if exploited by malicious users. To prevent the potentially deceptive usage of LLMs, recent works have proposed algorithms to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zhouxing Shi , Yihan Wang , Fan Yin , Xiangning Chen , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Backdoor attacks pose severe security threats to large language models (LLMs), where a model behaves normally under benign inputs but produces malicious outputs when a hidden trigger appears. Existing backdoor removal methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Jailbreak attacks reveal critical vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) by causing them to generate harmful or unethical content. Evaluating these threats is particularly challenging due to the evolving nature of LLMs and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Peiyan Zhang , Haibo Jin , Liying Kang , Haohan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive proficiency in code generation. Unfortunately, these models share a weakness with their human counterparts: producing code that inadvertently has security vulnerabilities. These…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Kamel Alrashedy , Abdullah Aljasser , Pradyumna Tambwekar , Matthew Gombolay
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