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The goal of data attribution is to trace the model's predictions through the learning algorithm and back to its training data. thereby identifying the most influential training samples and understanding how the model's behavior leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Hongbo Zhu , Angelo Cangelosi

Training data attribution (TDA) techniques find influential training data for the model's prediction on the test data of interest. They approximate the impact of down- or up-weighting a particular training sample. While conceptually useful,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Elisa Nguyen , Minjoon Seo , Seong Joon Oh

Many training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to estimate how a model's behavior would change if one or more data points were removed from the training set. Methods based on implicit differentiation, such as influence functions, can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Juhan Bae , Wu Lin , Jonathan Lorraine , Roger Grosse

Training data attribution (TDA) plays a critical role in understanding the influence of individual training data points on model predictions. Gradient-based TDA methods, popularized by \textit{influence function} for their superior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Shiyuan Zhang , Junwei Deng , Juhan Bae , Jiaqi Ma

Diffusion models have led to significant advancements in generative modelling. Yet their widespread adoption poses challenges regarding data attribution and interpretability. In this paper, we aim to help address such challenges in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Bruno Mlodozeniec , Runa Eschenhagen , Juhan Bae , Alexander Immer , David Krueger , Richard Turner

As large language models are increasingly trained and fine-tuned, practitioners need methods to identify which training data drive specific behaviors, particularly unintended ones. Training Data Attribution (TDA) methods address this by…

As one of the most fundamental models, meta learning aims to effectively address few-shot learning challenges. However, it still faces significant issues related to the training data, such as training inefficiencies due to numerous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Chenyang Ren , Huanyi Xie , Shu Yang , Meng Ding , Lijie Hu , Di Wang

Deep neural networks are often considered opaque systems, prompting the need for explainability methods to improve trust and accountability. Existing approaches typically attribute test-time predictions either to input features (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aziz Bacha , Thomas George

Training data attribution (TDA) methods offer to trace a model's prediction on any given example back to specific influential training examples. Existing approaches do so by assigning a scalar influence score to each training example, under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Kelvin Guu , Albert Webson , Ellie Pavlick , Lucas Dixon , Ian Tenney , Tolga Bolukbasi

How does the training data affect a model's behavior? This is the question we seek to answer with data attribution. The leading practical approaches to data attribution are based on influence functions (IF). IFs utilize a first-order Taylor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Ittai Rubinstein , Samuel B. Hopkins

Training Data Attribution (TDA) seeks to trace model predictions back to influential training examples, enhancing interpretability and safety. We formulate TDA as a Bayesian information-theoretic problem: subsets are scored by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Dharmesh Tailor , Nicolò Felicioni , Kamil Ciosek

Data attribution methods trace model behavior back to its training dataset, offering an effective approach to better understand ''black-box'' neural networks. While prior research has established quantifiable links between model output and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Tong Xie , Haoyu Li , Andrew Bai , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Influence functions approximate the effect of training samples in test-time predictions and have a wide variety of applications in machine learning interpretability and uncertainty estimation. A commonly-used (first-order) influence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Samyadeep Basu , Philip Pope , Soheil Feizi

Data Attribution (DA) is an emerging approach in the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), aiming to identify influential training datapoints which determine model outputs. It seeks to provide transparency about the model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Galip Ümit Yolcu , Moritz Weckbecker , Thomas Wiegand , Wojciech Samek , Sebastian Lapuschkin

Influence function, a technique rooted in robust statistics, has been adapted in modern machine learning for a novel application: data attribution -- quantifying how individual training data points affect a model's predictions. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Junwei Deng , Weijing Tang , Jiaqi W. Ma

Diffusion models have become increasingly popular for synthesizing high-quality samples based on training datasets. However, given the oftentimes enormous sizes of the training datasets, it is difficult to assess how training data impact…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-06 Zheng Dai , David K Gifford

Current training data attribution (TDA) methods treat the influence one sample has on another as static, but neural networks learn in distinct stages that exhibit changing patterns of influence. In this work, we introduce a framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jin Hwa Lee , Matthew Smith , Maxwell Adam , Jesse Hoogland

The black-box nature of large language models (LLMs) poses challenges in interpreting results, impacting issues such as data intellectual property protection and hallucination tracing. Training data attribution (TDA) methods are considered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Kangxi Wu , Liang Pang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Influence functions (IF) have been seen as a technique for explaining model predictions through the lens of the training data. Their utility is assumed to be in identifying training examples "responsible" for a prediction so that, for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Andrea Schioppa , Katja Filippova , Ivan Titov , Polina Zablotskaia

Training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to identify which training examples influence a model's predictions on specific test data most. By quantifying these influences, TDA supports critical applications such as data debugging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xingyuan Pan , Chenlu Ye , Joseph Melkonian , Jiaqi W. Ma , Tong Zhang
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