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In-context learning (ICL) allows large language models (LLMs) to solve novel tasks without weight updates. Despite its empirical success, the mechanism behind ICL remains poorly understood, limiting our ability to interpret, improve, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Chengye Li , Haiyun Liu , Yuanxi Li

Recent interest has surged in employing Large Language Models (LLMs) for machine translation (MT) via in-context learning (ICL) (Vilar et al., 2023). Most prior studies primarily focus on optimizing translation quality, with limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Pranjal A. Chitale , Jay Gala , Raj Dabre

In-context learning (ICL) of large language models (LLMs) has attracted increasing attention in the community where LLMs make predictions only based on instructions augmented with a few examples. Existing example selection methods for ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Haowei Du , Dongyan Zhao

The recent surge of large language models (LLMs) highlights their ability to perform in-context learning, i.e., "learning" to perform a task from a few demonstrations in the context without any parameter updates. However, their capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Tianle Cai , Kaixuan Huang , Jason D. Lee , Mengdi Wang

Continual Learning (CL) focuses on maximizing the predictive performance of a model across a non-stationary stream of data. Unfortunately, CL models tend to forget previous knowledge, thus often underperforming when compared with an offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Lanpei Li , Elia Piccoli , Andrea Cossu , Davide Bacciu , Vincenzo Lomonaco

In-context learning (ICL) is an astonishing emergent ability of large language models (LLMs). By presenting a prompt that includes multiple input-output pairs as examples and introducing a new query input, models can generate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Timothy Chu , Zhao Song , Chiwun Yang

Recent studies have demonstrated that In-Context Learning (ICL), through the use of specific demonstrations, can align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences known as In-Context Alignment (ICA), indicating that models can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Heyan Huang , Yinghao Li , Huashan Sun , Yu Bai , Yang Gao

In-context learning (ICL) exhibits dual operating modes: task learning, i.e., acquiring a new skill from in-context samples, and task retrieval, i.e., locating and activating a relevant pretrained skill. Recent theoretical work investigates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Ziqian Lin , Kangwook Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at in-context learning (ICL), a supervised learning technique that relies on adding annotated examples to the model context. We investigate a contextual bandit version of in-context reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Giovanni Monea , Antoine Bosselut , Kianté Brantley , Yoav Artzi

Predicting simple function classes has been widely used as a testbed for developing theory and understanding of the trained Transformer's in-context learning (ICL) ability. In this paper, we revisit the training of Transformers on linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Shang Liu , Zhongze Cai , Guanting Chen , Xiaocheng Li

In-Context Learning (ICL) and Instruction Tuning (IT) are two primary paradigms of adopting Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream applications. However, they are significantly different. In ICL, a set of demonstrations are provided at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Hanyu Duan , Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang , Ahmed Abbasi , Kar Yan Tam

Large-scale neural language models exhibit a remarkable capacity for in-context learning (ICL): they can infer novel functions from datasets provided as input. Most of our current understanding of when and how ICL arises comes from LMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Ekin Akyürek , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , Jacob Andreas

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to achieve rapid task adaptation by learning from demonstrations. With the increase in available context length of LLMs, recent experiments have shown that the performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Peiwen Yuan , Shaoxiong Feng , Yiwei Li , Xinglin Wang , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Heda Wang , Yao Hu , Kan Li

In-Context Learning (ICL) typically utilizes classification criteria from output probabilities of manually selected label tokens. However, we argue that such token-based classification criteria lead to suboptimal decision boundaries,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Hakaze Cho , Yoshihiro Sakai , Mariko Kato , Kenshiro Tanaka , Akira Ishii , Naoya Inoue

In-context learning (ICL) and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) are two common strategies for improving the performance of modern large language models (LLMs) on specific tasks. Despite their different natures, these strategies often lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Diego Doimo , Alessandro Serra , Alessio Ansuini , Alberto Cazzaniga

Large language models (LLMs) enable in-context learning (ICL) by conditioning on a few labeled training examples as a text-based prompt, eliminating the need for parameter updates and achieving competitive performance. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jianing Wang , Chengyu Wang , Chuanqi Tan , Jun Huang , Ming Gao

Shortcut learning refers to the phenomenon where models employ simple, non-robust decision rules in practical tasks, which hinders their generalization and robustness. With the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) in recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Rui Song , Yingji Li , Lida Shi , Fausto Giunchiglia , Hao Xu

Transformers have become a standard architecture in machine learning, demonstrating strong in-context learning (ICL) abilities that allow them to learn from the prompt at inference time. However, uncertainty quantification for ICL remains…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-23 Zhe Huang , Simone Rossi , Rui Yuan , Thomas Hannagan

In-context learning (ICL) has proven highly effective across diverse large language model (LLM) tasks. However, its potential for enhancing tasks that demand step-by-step logical deduction, such as mathematical reasoning, remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ang Gao , Changshuo Zhang , Xiao Zhang , Deyang Li , Minjun Zhao , Fangchao Liu , Xinyu Zhang

Traditionally, neural network training has been primarily viewed as an approximation of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). This interpretation originated in a time when training for multiple epochs on small datasets was common and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Samuel Müller , Noah Hollmann , Frank Hutter