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A key challenge in transportation planning is that the collective preferences of heterogeneous travelers often diverge from the policies produced by model-driven decision tools. This misalignment frequently results in implementation delays…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xiaoyu Yan , Tianxing Dai , Yu Marco Nie

Planning trips is a cognitively intensive task involving conflicting user preferences, dynamic external information, and multi-step temporal-spatial optimization. Traditional platforms often fall short - they provide static results, lack…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Binwen Liu , Jiexi Ge , Jiamin Wang

Language model (LM)-based agents have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex tasks from natural language instructions, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon planning and reasoning. To address this, we propose an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenyi Wu , Sibo Zhu , Kun Zhou , Biwei Huang

As LLM-based agents are deployed in increasingly complex real-world settings, existing benchmarks underrepresent key challenges such as enforcing global constraints, coordinating multi-tool reasoning, and adapting to evolving user behavior…

Travel planning is a realistic task for evaluating the planning and tool-use abilities of LLM agents. However, existing benchmarks typically assume only a single user, thereby avoiding one of the most challenging aspects of real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiang Cheng , Yulan Hu , Lulu Zheng , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu

Despite rapid progress in artificial intelligence, current systems struggle with the interconnected challenges that define real-world decision making. Practical domains, such as business management, require optimizing an open-ended and…

Real-world path planning tasks typically involve multiple constraints beyond simple route optimization, such as the number of routes, maximum route length, depot locations, and task-specific requirements. Traditional approaches rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Dylan Shim , Minghan Wei

Existing benchmarks have laid the foundation for travel planning agents by establishing API-centric paradigms. However, as the capabilities of Autonomous Agents continue to advance, their evaluation must evolve beyond simple tool execution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yuting Xu , Jiayi Tian , Jian Liang , Xin Xiong , Hang Zhang , Mu Xu , Xiao-Yu Zhang

Real-world trip planning requires transforming open-ended user requests into executable itineraries under strict spatial, temporal, and budgetary constraints while aligning with user preferences. Existing LLM-based agents struggle with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yuxing Chen , Basem Suleiman , Qifan Chen

People commonly leverage structured content to accelerate knowledge acquisition and research problem solving. Among these, roadmaps guide researchers through hierarchical subtasks to solve complex research problems step by step. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiacheng Liu , Zichen Tang , Zhongjun Yang , Xinyi Hu , Xueyuan Lin , Linwei Jia , Ruofei Bai , Rongjin Li , Shiyao Peng , Haocheng Gao , Haihong E

Long-horizon tasks that require sustained reasoning and multiple tool interactions remain challenging for LLM agents: small errors compound across steps, and even state-of-the-art models often hallucinate or lose coherence. We identify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Guangya Wan , Mingyang Ling , Xiaoqi Ren , Rujun Han , Sheng Li , Zizhao Zhang

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in decision-making tasks, but struggle significantly with complex, long-horizon planning scenarios. This arises from their lack of macroscopic guidance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Ziyue Li , Yuan Chang , Gaihong Yu , Xiaoqiu Le

In orchestrated multi-agent systems, humans often struggle to manage plans due to their complexity and limited transparency. Existing approaches rely on outcome-level supervision, where users verify only final outputs without visibility…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zeyu He , Hannah Kim , Dan Zhang , Estevam Hruschka

This benchmark suite provides a comprehensive evaluation framework for assessing both individual LLMs and multi-agent systems in Real-world planning and scheduling scenarios. The suite encompasses 14 designed planning and scheduling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Longling Geng , Edward Y. Chang

Through the collaboration of multiple LLM-empowered agents possessing diverse expertise and tools, multi-agent systems achieve impressive progress in solving real-world problems. Given the user queries, the meta-agents, serving as the brain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Ao Li , Yuexiang Xie , Songze Li , Fugee Tsung , Bolin Ding , Yaliang Li

Autonomous agents have recently achieved remarkable progress across diverse domains, yet most evaluations focus on short-horizon, fully observable tasks. In contrast, many critical real-world tasks, such as large-scale software development,…

Complex problem-solving requires cognitive flexibility--the capacity to entertain multiple perspectives while preserving their distinctiveness. This flexibility replicates the "wisdom of crowds" within a single individual, allowing them to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Sanghyun Park , Boris Maciejovsky , Phanish Puranam

Large language models (LLMs) perform well on step-by-step reasoning benchmarks such as mathematics and code generation, yet their ability to carry out robust long-horizon planning under realistic constraints remains insufficiently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Petr Anokhin , Roman Khalikov , Stefan Rebrikov , Viktor Volkov , Artyom Sorokin , Vincent Bissonnette

Route-planning agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for supporting everyday human mobility through natural language interaction and tool-mediated decision making. However, systematic evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhiheng Song , Jingshuai Zhang , Chuan Qin , Chao Wang , Chao Chen , Longfei Xu , Kaikui Liu , Xiangxiang Chu , Hengshu Zhu

Multi-agent systems (MASs) have pushed the boundaries of large language model (LLM) agents in domains such as web research and software engineering. However, long-horizon, multi-constraint planning tasks involve conditioning on detailed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Tianyue Ou , Saujas Vaduguru , Daniel Fried