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Recent studies on the safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) have revealed that existing approaches often operate superficially, leaving models vulnerable to various adversarial attacks. Despite their significance, these studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success but remain highly susceptible to jailbreak attacks, in which adversarial prompts coerce models into generating harmful, unethical, or policy-violating outputs. Such attacks pose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Feiyue Xu , Hongsheng Hu , Chaoxiang He , Sheng Hang , Hanqing Hu , Xiuming Liu , Yubo Zhao , Zhengyan Zhou , Bin Benjamin Zhu , Shi-Feng Sun , Dawu Gu , Shuo Wang

The past year has seen rapid acceleration in the development of large language models (LLMs). However, without proper steering and safeguards, LLMs will readily follow malicious instructions, provide unsafe advice, and generate toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Bertie Vidgen , Nino Scherrer , Hannah Rose Kirk , Rebecca Qian , Anand Kannappan , Scott A. Hale , Paul Röttger

The last two years have seen a rapid growth in concerns around the safety of large language models (LLMs). Researchers and practitioners have met these concerns by creating an abundance of datasets for evaluating and improving LLM safety.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Paul Röttger , Fabio Pernisi , Bertie Vidgen , Dirk Hovy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, largely attributed to the intricate alignment process using human feedback. While alignment has become an essential training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bocheng Chen , Hanqing Guo , Guangjing Wang , Yuanda Wang , Qiben Yan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in diverse real-world settings, yet remain vulnerable to jailbreaking, where prompt-based attacks bypass safety filters. We present THREAT (Targeted Harmful generation via Reframing and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shahnewaz Karim Sakib , Swati Kar , Anindya Bijoy Das

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly consulted by parents for pediatric guidance, yet their safety under real-world adversarial pressures is poorly understood. Anxious parents often use urgent language that can compromise model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Vahideh Zolfaghari

Large Language Models (LLMs) transform artificial intelligence, driving advancements in natural language understanding, text generation, and autonomous systems. The increasing complexity of their development and deployment introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Shenao Wang , Yanjie Zhao , Zhao Liu , Quanchen Zou , Haoyu Wang

Jailbreak attacks pose a serious threat to the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) by crafting adversarial prompts that bypass alignment mechanisms, causing the models to produce harmful, restricted, or biased content. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xiangman Li , Xiaodong Wu , Qi Li , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

Jailbreak attacks reveal critical vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) by causing them to generate harmful or unethical content. Evaluating these threats is particularly challenging due to the evolving nature of LLMs and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Peiyan Zhang , Haibo Jin , Liying Kang , Haohan Wang

Jailbreaks have been a central focus of research regarding the safety and reliability of large language models (LLMs), yet the mechanisms underlying these attacks remain poorly understood. While previous studies have predominantly relied on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Nathalie Kirch , Constantin Weisser , Severin Field , Helen Yannakoudakis , Stephen Casper

Despite the remarkable proficiency of \textit{Large Reasoning Models} (LRMs) in handling complex reasoning tasks, their reliability in safety-critical scenarios remains uncertain. Existing evaluations primarily assess response-level safety,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Baihui Zheng , Boren Zheng , Kerui Cao , Yingshui Tan , Zhendong Liu , Weixun Wang , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , Wenbo Su , Xiaoyong Zhu , Bo Zheng , Kaifu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) can comply with harmful instructions, raising serious safety concerns despite their impressive capabilities. Recent work has leveraged probing-based approaches to study the separability of malicious and benign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Cheng Wang , Zeming Wei , Qin Liu , Muhao Chen

With the profound development of large language models(LLMs), their safety concerns have garnered increasing attention. However, there is a scarcity of Chinese safety benchmarks for LLMs, and the existing safety taxonomies are inadequate,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Wenjing Zhang , Xuejiao Lei , Zhaoxiang Liu , Meijuan An , Bikun Yang , KaiKai Zhao , Kai Wang , Shiguo Lian

Frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) pose unprecedented dual-use risks through the potential proliferation of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons knowledge. We present the first comprehensive evaluation of 10…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Divyanshu Kumar , Nitin Aravind Birur , Tanay Baswa , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are acquiring a wider range of capabilities, including understanding and responding in multiple languages. While they undergo safety training to prevent them from answering illegal questions, imbalances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Likai Tang , Niruth Bogahawatta , Yasod Ginige , Jiarui Xu , Shixuan Sun , Surangika Ranathunga , Suranga Seneviratne

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated for robustness against paraphrased or semantically equivalent jailbreak prompts, yet little attention has been paid to linguistic variation as an attack surface. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Srikant Panda , Avinash Rai

Safety alignment mechanism are essential for preventing large language models (LLMs) from generating harmful information or unethical content. However, cleverly crafted prompts can bypass these safety measures without accessing the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Sunbowen Lee , Shiwen Ni , Chi Wei , Shuaimin Li , Liyang Fan , Ahmadreza Argha , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Ruifeng Xu , Yicheng Gong , Min Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, demonstrating remarkable computational power and linguistic capabilities. However, these models are inherently prone to various biases stemming from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Riccardo Cantini , Giada Cosenza , Alessio Orsino , Domenico Talia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen rapid adoption in recent years, with industries increasingly relying on them to maintain a competitive advantage. These models excel at interpreting user instructions and generating human-like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Andrew Yeo , Daeseon Choi
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