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Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly applied to automated harmful content detection tasks, assisting moderators in identifying policy violations and improving the overall efficiency and accuracy of content review. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Kangwei Liu , Siyuan Cheng , Bozhong Tian , Xiaozhuan Liang , Yuyang Yin , Meng Han , Ningyu Zhang , Bryan Hooi , Xi Chen , Shumin Deng

Current benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) in social media moderation completely overlook a serious threat: covert advertisements, which disguise themselves as regular posts to deceive and mislead consumers into making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jingyi Zheng , Tianyi Hu , Yule Liu , Zhen Sun , Zongmin Zhang , Zifan Peng , Wenhan Dong , Xinlei He

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements, drawing significant attention from the research community. Their capabilities are largely attributed to large-scale architectures, which require extensive…

Detecting hate speech and offensive language is essential for maintaining a safe and respectful digital environment. This study examines the limitations of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) in identifying offensive content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yunze Xiao , Yujia Hu , Kenny Tsu Wei Choo , Roy Ka-wei Lee

While there is an increased discourse on large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and DeepSeek, there is no comprehensive understanding of how users of online platforms, like Reddit, perceive these models. This is an important omission…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Krishnaveni Katta

Many studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can produce harmful responses, exposing users to unexpected risks when LLMs are deployed. Previous studies have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of the risks posed by LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yuxia Wang , Zenan Zhai , Haonan Li , Xudong Han , Lizhi Lin , Zhenxuan Zhang , Jingru Zhao , Preslav Nakov , Timothy Baldwin

Recent incidents highlight safety risks in Large Language Models (LLMs), motivating research into alignment methods like Constitutional AI (CAI). This paper explores CAI's self-critique mechanism on small, uncensored 7-9B parameter models:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Antonio-Gabriel Chacón Menke , Phan Xuan Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities across various fields. However, their performance in technical domains such as telecommunications remains underexplored. This paper evaluates two open-source LLMs, Gemma 3 27B…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Arina Caraus , Alessio Buscemi , Sumit Kumar , Ion Turcanu

We investigate the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in detecting implicit and explicit hate speech, examining how models with minimal safety alignment (uncensored) compare with more heavily aligned (censored) counterparts in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sanjeeevan Selvaganapathy , Mehwish Nasim

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed, understanding how they express political positioning is important for evaluating alignment and downstream effects. We audit 26 contemporary LLMs using three political psychometric…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Adib Sakhawat , Tahsin Islam , Takia Farhin , Syed Rifat Raiyan , Hasan Mahmud , Md Kamrul Hasan

The purpose of this study is to assess how large language models (LLMs) can be used for fact-checking and contribute to the broader debate on the use of automated means for veracity identification. To achieve this purpose, we use AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Elizaveta Kuznetsova , Ilaria Vitulano , Mykola Makhortykh , Martha Stolze , Tomas Nagy , Victoria Vziatysheva

Nationally representative surveys track public opinion, yet they ask only a limited set of questions each year, limiting its potential to capture historical changes. To fill this gap, we develop a large language model (LLM)-based framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Junsol Kim , Byungkyu Lee

This study investigates the generation of synthetic disinformation by OpenAI's Large Language Models (LLMs) through prompt engineering and explores their responsiveness to emotional prompting. Leveraging various LLM iterations using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Rasita Vinay , Giovanni Spitale , Nikola Biller-Andorno , Federico Germani

Regulatory efforts to protect against algorithmic bias have taken on increased urgency with rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), which are machine learning models that can achieve performance rivaling human experts on a wide…

Applications · Statistics 2024-04-05 Johann D. Gaebler , Sharad Goel , Aziz Huq , Prasanna Tambe

In this paper, we explore the feasibility of leveraging large language models (LLMs) to automate or otherwise assist human raters with identifying harmful content including hate speech, harassment, violent extremism, and election…

Recent advances in web-augmented large language models (LLMs) have exhibited strong performance in complex reasoning tasks, yet these capabilities are mostly locked in proprietary systems with opaque architectures. In this work, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Lisheng Huang , Yichen Liu , Jinhao Jiang , Rongxiang Zhang , Jiahao Yan , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao

While defenses for structured PII are mature, Large Language Models (LLMs) pose a new threat: Semantic Sensitive Information (SemSI), where models infer sensitive identity attributes, generate reputation-harmful content, or hallucinate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Umid Suleymanov , Zaur Rajabov , Emil Mirzazada , Murat Kantarcioglu

The development of LLMs has greatly enhanced the intelligence and fluency of question answering, while the emergence of retrieval enhancement has enabled models to better utilize external information. However, the presence of noise and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xingyun Hong , Yan Shao , Zhilin Wang , Manni Duan , Jin Xiongnan

On social media, users often express their personal feelings, which may exhibit cognitive distortions or even suicidal tendencies on certain specific topics. Early recognition of these signs is critical for effective psychological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Hongzhi Qi , Qing Zhao , Jianqiang Li , Changwei Song , Wei Zhai , Dan Luo , Shuo Liu , Yi Jing Yu , Fan Wang , Huijing Zou , Bing Xiang Yang , Guanghui Fu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains such as enterprise and government, ensuring that they adhere to user-defined security policies within context is critical-especially with respect to information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Hwan Chang , Yumin Kim , Yonghyun Jun , Hwanhee Lee