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This work studies how to adaptively recompute key-value (KV) caches for diffusion large language models (DLMs) to maximize prediction accuracy while minimizing decoding latency. Prior methods' decoders recompute QKV for all tokens at every…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Quan Nguyen-Tri , Mukul Ranjan , Zhiqiang Shen

The efficiency of large language models (LLMs) remains a critical challenge, particularly in contexts where computational resources are limited. Traditional attention mechanisms in these models, while powerful, require significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Bingli Liao , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

With context windows of millions of tokens, Long-Context Language Models (LCLMs) can encode entire document collections, offering a strong alternative to conventional retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). However, it remains unclear whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Francesco Maria Molfese , Momchil Hardalov , Rexhina Blloshmi , Bill Byrne , Adrià de Gispert

Running Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices is crucial for reducing latency, improving real-time processing, and enhancing privacy. By performing inference directly on the device, data does not need to be sent to the cloud,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Tianhua Xia , Sai Qian Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing how users interact with information systems, yet their high inference cost poses serious scalability and sustainability challenges. Caching inference responses, allowing them to be retrieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Xutong Liu , Baran Atalar , Xiangxiang Dai , Jinhang Zuo , Siwei Wang , John C. S. Lui , Wei Chen , Carlee Joe-Wong

Generating long sequences of tokens given a long-context input is a very compute-intensive inference scenario for large language models (LLMs). One prominent inference speed-up approach is to construct a smaller key-value (KV) cache,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Fangyuan Xu , Tanya Goyal , Eunsol Choi

The increasing complexity of AI tasks has shifted the paradigm from monolithic models toward multi-agent large language model (LLM) systems. However, these collaborative architectures introduce a critical bottleneck: redundant prefill…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yingsheng Geng , Yuchong Gao , Weihong Wu , Guyue Liu , Jiang Liu

Recent large language models (LLMs) with enormous model sizes use many GPUs to meet memory capacity requirements incurring substantial costs for token generation. To provide cost-effective LLM inference with relaxed latency constraints,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sanghyeon Lee , Hongbeen Kim , Soojin Hwang , Guseul Heo , Minwoo Noh , Jaehyuk Huh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become the new foundation for many applications, reshaping human society like a storm. Disaggregated inference, which separates prefill and decode stages, is a promising approach to improving hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Shiyang Chen , Rain Jiang , Dezhi Yu , Jinlai Xu , Mengyuan Chao , Fanlong Meng , Chenyu Jiang , Wei Xu , Hang Liu

The escalating context length in Large Language Models (LLMs) creates a severe performance bottleneck around the Key-Value (KV) cache, whose memory-bound nature leads to significant GPU under-utilization. This paper introduces Mixture of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Myunghyun Rhee , Sookyung Choi , Euiseok Kim , Joonseop Sim , Youngpyo Joo , Hoshik Kim

Efficient inference of large language models (LLMs) is hindered by an ever-growing key-value (KV) cache, making KV cache compression a critical research direction. Traditional methods selectively evict less important KV cache entries, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yuxuan Tian , Zihan Wang , Yebo Peng , Aomufei Yuan , Zhiming Wang , Bairen Yi , Xin Liu , Yong Cui , Tong Yang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are plagued by exorbitant inference costs attributable to the profusion of visual tokens within the vision encoder. The redundant visual tokens engenders a substantial computational load and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiedong Zhuang , Lu Lu , Ming Dai , Rui Hu , Jian Chen , Qiang Liu , Haoji Hu

KV-cache retrieval is essential for long-context LLM inference, yet existing methods struggle with distribution drift and high latency at scale. We introduce ParisKV, a drift-robust, GPU-native KV-cache retrieval framework based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yanlin Qi , Xinhang Chen , Huiqiang Jiang , Qitong Wang , Botao Peng , Themis Palpanas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular, transforming a wide range of applications across various domains. However, the real-world effectiveness of their query cache systems has not been thoroughly investigated. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jiaxing Li , Chi Xu , Feng Wang , Isaac M von Riedemann , Cong Zhang , Jiangchuan Liu

Existing KV cache compression methods generally operate on discrete tokens or non-semantic chunks. However, such approaches often lead to semantic fragmentation, where linguistically coherent units are disrupted, causing irreversible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shunlong Wu , Hai Lin , Shaoshen Chen , Tingwei Lu , Yongqin Zeng , Shaoxiong Zhan , Hai-Tao Zheng , Hong-Gee Kim

Autoregressive decoding in large language models (LLMs) requires caching a growing list of past key-value (KV) pairs, making long-context inference a memory-bound problem. While recent methods have explored quantizing the cache, evicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harshil Vejendla

LLM decoding is bottlenecked for large batches and long contexts by loading the key-value (KV) cache from high-bandwidth memory, which inflates per-token latency, while the sequential nature of decoding limits parallelism. We analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ted Zadouri , Hubert Strauss , Tri Dao

Large language model (LLM) applications often reuse previously processed context, such as chat history and documents, which introduces significant redundant computation. Existing LLM serving systems address such redundant computation by…

Generative reasoning with large language models (LLMs) often involves long decoding sequences, leading to substantial memory and latency overheads from accumulating key-value (KV) caches. While existing KV compression methods primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hui Zeng , Daming Zhao , Pengfei Yang , WenXuan Hou , Tianyang Zheng , Hui Li , Weiye Ji , Jidong Zhai