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Since their introduction by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, covering systems (that is, finite collections of arithmetic progressions that cover the integers) have been extensively studied, and numerous questions and conjectures have been posed regarding…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-11-09 Paul Balister , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris , Julian Sahasrabudhe , Marius Tiba

A set of arithmetical sequences $$ a_1\, (\bmod{ \,\, m_1}) \quad, \quad a_2 \, (\bmod{\,\, m_2}) \quad, \quad \dots \quad , \quad a_k \, (\bmod{\,\,m_k}) \quad \quad , $$ with $$ m_1 \leq m_2 \leq \dots \leq m_k \quad \quad , $$ is called…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-11-16 Shalosh B. Ekhad , Aviezri S. Fraenkel , Doron Zeilberger

A covering system of the integers is a finite collection of arithmetic progressions whose union is the set of integers. A well-known problem on covering systems is the minimum modulus problem posed by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, who asked whether…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-26 Huixi Li , Biao Wang , Chunlin Wang , Shaoyun Yi

Covering systems of the integers were introduced by Erd\H{o}s in 1950. Since then, many beautiful questions and conjectures about these objects have been posed. Most famously, Erd\H{o}s asked whether the minimum modulus of a covering system…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-21 Biao Wang

A famous unsolved conjecture of P. Erdos and J. L. Selfridge states that there does not exist a covering system {a_s(mod n_s)}_{s=1}^k with the moduli n_1,...,n_k odd, distinct and greater than one. In this paper we show that if such a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Song Guo , Zhi-Wei Sun

We try to find all quadruples of positive integers $(m,a,b,c)$ with $a \geq b \geq c$ such that there exists a distinct covering system with minimum modulus $m$ and least common multiple of the moduli $2^a 3^b 5^c$. We obtain complete…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Joshua Harrington , Jonah Klein , Joshua Lowrance , Ognian Trifonov

We prove that every distinct covering system has a modulus divisible by either 2 or 3.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-25 Robert D. Hough , Pace P. Nielsen

A covering system of the integers is a finite collection of modular residue classes $\{a_m \bmod{m}\}_{m \in S}$ whose union is all integers. Given a finite set $S$ of moduli, it is often difficult to tell whether there is a choice of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-15 Jackson Hopper

A $\textit{covering system}$ is a collection of integer congruences such that every integer satisfies at least one congruence in the collection. A covering system is called $\textit{distinct}$ if all of its moduli are distinct. An expansive…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-24 Raj Agrawal , Prarthana Bhatia , Kratik Gupta , Powers Lamb , Andrew Lott , Alex Rice , Christine Rose Ward

It is proved that if the least modulus of a distinct covering system is 4, its largest modulus is at least 60; also if the least modulus is 3, the LCM of the moduli is at least 120; finally, if the least modulus is 4, the LCM of the moduli…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Jack Dalton , Ognian Trifonov

Erd\H{o}s and Graham (Erd\H{o}s and Graham, 1980) asked if there exists an $n$ such that the divisors of $n$ greater than 1 are the moduli of a distinct covering system with the following property: If there exists an integer which satisfies…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Sarosh Adenwalla

Introduced by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, a covering system of the integers is a finite collection of arithmetic progressions whose union is the set $\mathbb{Z}$. Many beautiful questions and conjectures about covering systems have been posed over…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-17 Paul Balister , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris , Julian Sahasrabudhe , Marius Tiba

We prove that if the smallest modulus of a covering system with distinct moduli is $5$, then the largest modulus is at least 108. We also prove that if the smallest modulus of a covering system with distinct moduli is $5$, then the least…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Jonah Klein

In 1950, Erd\H{o}s posed a question known as the minimum modulus problem on covering systems for $\mathbb{Z}$, which asked whether the minimum modulus of a covering system with distinct moduli is bounded. This long-standing problem was…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-06-17 Huixi Li , Biao Wang , Chunlin Wang , Shaoyun Yi

Covering systems were introduced by Erd\H{o}s in 1950. In the same article where he introduced them, he asked if the minimum modulus of a covering system with distinct moduli is bounded. In 2015, Hough answered affirmatively this long…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-25 Jonah Klein , Dimitris Koukoulopoulos , Simon Lemieux

Pila and Tsimerman proved in 2017 that for every $k$ there exists at most finitely many $k$-tuples $(x_1,\ldots, x_k)$ of distinct non-zero singular moduli with the property "$x_1, \ldots,x_k$ are multiplicatively dependent, but any proper…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Yuri Bilu , Sanoli Gun , Emanuele Tron

A covering system is a finite collection of arithmetic progressions whose union is the set of integers. The study of covering systems with distinct moduli was initiated by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, and over the following decades numerous problems…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-26 Paul Balister , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris , Julian Sahasrabudhe , Marius Tiba

We prove that for each fixed $m \ge 2$, there are only finitely many disjoint covering systems with minimum modulus at least $3$ in which precisely one modulus is repeated, namely the largest modulus, and it occurs exactly $m$ times.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Yu Hashimoto

Based on work of P. Balister, B. Bollob\'as, R. Morris, J. Sahasrabudhe and M. Tiba, we show that if a covering system has distinct squarefree moduli, then the minimum modulus is at most 118. We also show that in general the $k^{\rm th}$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-17 Maria Cummings , Michael Filaseta , Ognian Trifonov

Erd\H{o}s first introduced the idea of covering systems in 1950. Since then, much of the work in this area has concentrated on identifying covering systems that meet specific conditions on their moduli. Among the central open problems in…

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