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In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, the number of controllable hardware qubits is insufficient to implement quantum error correction (QEC). As an alternative, quantum error mitigation (QEM) can suppress errors in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-02 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

Quantum circuits implementing fault-tolerant quantum error correction (QEC) for the three qubit bit-flip code and five-qubit code are studied. To describe the effect of noise, we apply a model based on a generalized effective Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Y. C. Cheng , R. J. Silbey

Quantum computers are anticipated to transcend classical supercomputers for computationally intensive tasks by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics. However, the capabilities of the current generation of quantum devices are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-17 Shaobo Zhang , Charles D. Hill , Muhammad Usman

A major challenge in performing quantum error correction (QEC) is implementing reliable measurements and conditional feed-forward operations. In quantum computing platforms supporting unconditional qubit resets, or a constant supply of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-23 Stefano Veroni , Markus Müller , Giacomo Giudice

Dynamic quantum circuits integrate mid-circuit measurements and feed-forward operations to enable real-time classical processing and conditional quantum logic. These capabilities are central to key quantum protocols such as quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Sumeet Shirgure , Siyuan Niu

We present a systematic investigation of deep learning methods applied to quantum error mitigation of noisy output probability distributions from measured quantum circuits. We compare different architectures, from fully connected neural…

In practical realizations of quantum information processing, there may exist noise in a measurement readout stage where errors appear not only on individual qubits but also on multiple ones collectively, the latter of which is called…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-21 Seungchan Seo , Jiheon Seong , Joonwoo Bae

Mid-circuit measurement (MCM) provides the capability for qubit reuse and dynamic control in quantum processors, enabling more resource-efficient algorithms and supporting error-correction procedures. However, MCM introduces several sources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Ming Zhong , Zhemin Zhang , Xiangyu Ren , Chenghong Zhu , Siyuan Niu , Zhiding Liang

Dynamic quantum circuits integrate unitary evolution with mid-circuit measurement and feedforward, enabling conditional operations essential for efficient quantum algorithms and foundational for fault-tolerant quantum computation. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Christopher Tong , Liran Shirizly , Edward H. Chen , Derek S. Wang , Bibek Pokharel

Near-term quantum workloads demand error management, yet the two lightest-weight techniques, Quantum Error Detection (QED) and Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC), have complementary cost profiles whose joint architectural design space…

The readout error on near-term quantum devices is one of the dominant noise factors, which can be mitigated by classical postprocessing called quantum readout error mitigation (QREM). The standard QREM applies the inverse of noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 Bo Yang , Rudy Raymond , Shumpei Uno

Error mitigation has enabled quantum computing applications with over one hundred qubits and deep circuits. The most general error mitigation methods rely on a faithful characterization of the noise channels of the hardware. However,…

Reliable quantum computation requires systematic identification and correction of errors that occur and accumulate in quantum hardware. To diagnose and correct such errors, standard quantum error-correcting protocols utilize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-20 Mincheol Park , Nishad Maskara , Marcin Kalinowski , Mikhail D. Lukin

In Phys. Rev. A 108, L060402 (2023), we introduced a Bayesian measurement error mitigation algorithm, which leveraged complete information from the readout signal, and validated the protocol on a quantum device with five superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 F. Cosco , F. Plastina , N. Lo Gullo

Quantum error correction (QEC) requires the execution of deep quantum circuits with large numbers of physical qubits to protect information against errors. Designing protocols that can reduce gate and space-time overheads of QEC is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Laura Pecorari , Sven Jandura , Guido Pupillo

In quantum computing, error mitigation is a method to improve the results of an error-prone quantum processor by post-processing them on a classical computer. In this work, we improve the General Error Mitigation (GEM) method for…

Quantum computers progress toward outperforming classical supercomputers, but quantum errors remain their primary obstacle. The key to overcoming errors on near-term devices has emerged through the field of quantum error mitigation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Haoran Liao , Derek S. Wang , Iskandar Sitdikov , Ciro Salcedo , Alireza Seif , Zlatko K. Minev

Mid-circuit measurements used in quantum error correction are essential in quantum computer architecture, as they read out syndrome data and drive logic gates. Here, we use a heavy-hex code prepared on a superconducting qubit array to…

As quantum computing advances toward fault-tolerant architectures, quantum error detection (QED) has emerged as a practical and scalable intermediate strategy in the transition from error mitigation to full error correction. By identifying…

Quantum technologies rely heavily on accurate control and reliable readout of quantum systems. Current experiments are limited by numerous sources of noise that can only be partially captured by simple analytical models and additional…