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In this paper, we presented a study of topological indices on trees, where we show a relationship with irregularity of Albertson index and minimum, maximum degrees $\delta,\Delta$ of graph $G$, where contribute vital roles in determining…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-26 Jasem Hamoud , Artem Kornosov

In this paper, we investigate The relationship between the Albertson index and the first Zagreb index for trees. For a tree $T=(V,E)$ with $n=|V|$ vertices and $m=|E|$ edges, we provide several bounds and exact formulas for these two…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-03 Jasem Hamoud , Alexei Belov-Kanel , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, we refer to a asymptotic degree sequence as $\mathscr{D}=(d_1,d_2,\dots,d_n)$. The examination of topological indices on trees gives us a general overview through bounds to find the maximum and minimum bounds which reflect…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

This study explores the irregularity properties of trees with prescribed degree sequences by analyzing two prominent topological indices: the Albertson index and the sigma index. With a particular emphasis on caterpillar trees -frequently…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Jasem Hamoud , Alexey Belov Yakovlevich , Muaadh Almahalebi , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, we provide the irregularity properties of trees with strong support vertex by analyzing two prominent topological indices: the Albertson index and the Sigma index. We further establish extremal bounds for both indices across…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-13 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, we presents novel and sharp bounds on the Albertson index of trees, revealing deep connections between degree sequences and graph irregularity where the Albertson index of Caterpillar tree satisfy \[…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

We establish sharp extremal bounds on the Albertson and Sigma irregularity indices for trees with prescribed degree sequences, with emphasis on caterpillar trees as key extremal configurations. New lower and upper bounds are derived in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-12 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, degree-based topological indices play a key role in the structural analysis of graphs in this paper and have significant uses in chemical graph theory. We investigate the connections between three such tree indices: the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Duaa Abdullah , Jasem Hamoud

In this paper, the study of extreme value bounds for topological indices is crucial for understanding their influence on trees and bipartite graphs. For integers $\alpha, p$ satisfying $1 \leq p \leq \alpha \leq \Delta - 3$, the minimum…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, topological indices play a significant role in the analysis of caterpillar trees, especially due to their applications in chemical graph theory. We presented a study on topological indices related to the Sigma index, which we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, we establishe the extremal bounds of the topological indices -- Sigma index -- focusing on analyzing the sharp upper bounds and the lower bounds of the Sigma index, which is known $\sigma(G)=\sum_{uv\in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, the investigates Adriatic indices, specifically the sum lordeg index where it defined as $SL(G) = \sum_{u \in V(G)} \deg_G(u) \sqrt{\ln \deg_G(u)}$ and the variable sum exdeg index $SEI_a(G)$ for $a>0$, $a\neq 1$. We present…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-07 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

This paper introduces the concept of the Fibonacci Word Index $\operatorname{FWI}$, a novel topological index derived from the Albertson index, applied to trees constructed from Fibonacci words. Building upon the classical Fibonacci…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

A topological index reflects the physical, chemical and structural properties of a molecule, and its study has an important role in molecular topology, chemical graph theory and mathematical chemistry. It is a natural problem to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-08 Rui Song , Qiongxiang Huang

The $\sigma$-irregularity index of a graph is defined as the sum of squared degree differences over all edges and provides a sensitive measure of structural heterogeneity. In this paper, we study the problem of maximizing $\sigma(T)$ among…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Milan Bašić

The sigma index in graph theory refers to a measure of the degree differences between vertices in a graph. The goal is to determine the graphs that have the maximum sigma index within certain classes of graphs. Abdo, Dimitrov, and Gutman…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-05-10 Jasem Hamoud , Artem Kurnosov

The sigma-irregularity index $\sigma(G) = \sum_{uv \in E(G)} (d_G(u) - d_G(v))^2$ measures the total degree imbalance along the edges of a graph. We study extremal problems for $\sigma(T)$ within the class of trees of fixed order $n$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Milan Bašić

Let $d_G(v)$ be the degree of the vertex $v$ in a graph $G$. The Sombor index of $G$ is defined as $SO(G) =\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d^2_G(u)+d^2_G(v)}$, which is a new degree-based topological index introduced by Gutman. Let…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-16 Ting Zhou , Zhen Lin , Lianying Miao

In this paper we give new bounds for a several vertex-based and edge-based topological indices of graphs: Albertson irregularity index, degree variance index, Mostar and the first Zagreb index. Moreover, we give a new upper bound for the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Arber Avdullahu , Slobodan Filipovski

In 2021, the Sombor index was introduced by Gutman, which is a new degree-based topological molecular descriptors. The Sombor index of a graph $G$ is defined as $SO(G) =\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d^2_G(u)+d^2_G(v)}$, where $d_G(v)$ is the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-09 Ting Zhou , Zhen Lin , Lianying Miao
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