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Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet aligning such abilities to small language models (SLMs) remains a challenge due to distributional mismatches and limited model capacity. Existing reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yong Wu , Weihang Pan , Ke Li , Chen Binhui , Ping Li , Binbin Lin

Semantic caching significantly reduces computational costs and improves efficiency by storing and reusing large language model (LLM) responses. However, existing systems rely primarily on matching individual queries, lacking awareness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Jianxin Yan , Wangze Ni , Lei Chen , Xuemin Lin , Peng Cheng , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant documents from external sources and incorporating them into the context. While it improves reliability by providing factual texts, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Yuqiao Tan , Shizhu He , Huanxuan Liao , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) helps address the limitations of parametric knowledge embedded within a language model (LM). In real world settings, retrieved information can vary in complexity, yet most investigations of LM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Lovisa Hagström , Sara Vera Marjanović , Haeun Yu , Arnav Arora , Christina Lioma , Maria Maistro , Pepa Atanasova , Isabelle Augenstein

Collaborative dialogue offers rich insights into students' learning and critical thinking, which is essential for personalizing pedagogical agent interactions in STEM+C settings. While large language models (LLMs) facilitate dynamic…

This work investigates retrieval augmented generation as an efficient strategy for automatic context discovery in context-aware Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, in order to improve transcription accuracy in the presence of rare or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Dimitrios Siskos , Stavros Papadopoulos , Pablo Peso Parada , Jisi Zhang , Karthikeyan Saravanan , Anastasios Drosou

In-context learning is a promising approach for offline reinforcement learning (RL) to handle online tasks, which can be achieved by providing task prompts. Recent works demonstrated that in-context RL could emerge with self-improvement in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Sili Huang , Jifeng Hu , Hechang Chen , Lichao Sun , Bo Yang

Despite the success of integrating large language models into the development of conversational systems, many studies have shown the effectiveness of retrieving and augmenting external knowledge for informative responses. Hence, many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Xi Wang , Procheta Sen , Ruizhe Li , Emine Yilmaz

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by conditioning generation on retrieved external documents, but the effect of retrieved context is often non-trivial. In realistic retrieval settings, the retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Samuel Yeh , Sharon Li

This technical report details a novel approach to combining reasoning and retrieval augmented generation (RAG) within a single, lean language model architecture. While existing RAG systems typically rely on large-scale models and external…

A key challenge of continual reinforcement learning (CRL) in dynamic environments is to promptly adapt the RL agent's behavior as the environment changes over its lifetime, while minimizing the catastrophic forgetting of the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Tiantian Zhang , Zichuan Lin , Yuxing Wang , Deheng Ye , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang , Xueqian Wang , Bin Liang , Bo Yuan , Xiu Li

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved unprecedented success due to their exceptional generative capabilities. However, because they depend on knowledge encapsulated from training corpora, they may produce hallucinations, stereotypes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Rui Chu , Bingyin Zhao , Thanh Quoc Hung Le , Duy Cao Hoang , Huawei Lin , Ping Li , Weijie Zhao , Khoa D Doan , Yingjie Lao

Pretraining Large Language Models (LLMs) on large corpora of textual data is now a standard paradigm. When using these LLMs for many downstream applications, it is common to additionally bake in new knowledge (e.g., time-critical news, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Tianjun Zhang , Shishir G. Patil , Naman Jain , Sheng Shen , Matei Zaharia , Ion Stoica , Joseph E. Gonzalez

In real-world applications with Large Language Models (LLMs), external retrieval mechanisms - such as Search-Augmented Generation (SAG), tool utilization, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) - are often employed to enhance the quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tzu-Lin Kuo , Feng-Ting Liao , Mu-Wei Hsieh , Fu-Chieh Chang , Po-Chun Hsu , Da-Shan Shiu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and long-context language models (LCLMs) both address context limitations of LLMs in open-domain question answering (QA). However, optimal external context to retrieve remains an open problem: fixing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Chihiro Taguchi , Seiji Maekawa , Nikita Bhutani

Research question answering requires accurate retrieval and contextual understanding of scientific literature. However, current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) methods often struggle to balance complex document relationships with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yuntong Hu , Zhihan Lei , Zhongjie Dai , Allen Zhang , Abhinav Angirekula , Zheng Zhang , Liang Zhao

Distractor generation (DG) remains a labor-intensive task that still significantly depends on domain experts. The task focuses on generating plausible yet incorrect options, known as distractors, for multiple-choice questions. A reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Elaf Alhazmi , Quan Z. Sheng , Wei Emma Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) represents a major advancement in natural language processing (NLP), combining large language models (LLMs) with information retrieval systems to enhance factual grounding, accuracy, and contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Agada Joseph Oche , Ademola Glory Folashade , Tirthankar Ghosal , Arpan Biswas

Integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) presents transformative opportunities for personalized education. However, current implementations face two critical challenges: maintaining factual accuracy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Chenxi Dong , Yimin Yuan , Kan Chen , Shupei Cheng , Chujie Wen

While retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been shown to enhance factuality of large language model (LLM) outputs, LLMs still suffer from hallucination, generating incorrect or irrelevant information. A common detection strategy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Tobias Leemann , Periklis Petridis , Giuseppe Vietri , Dionysis Manousakas , Aaron Roth , Sergul Aydore