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Function calling empowers large language models (LLMs) to interface with external tools, yet existing RL-based approaches suffer from misalignment between reasoning processes and tool-call decisions. We propose R2IF, a reasoning-aware RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Aijia Cheng , Kailong Wang , Ling Shi , Yongxin Zhao

Multi-turn tool calling is challenging for Large Language Models (LLMs) because rewards are sparse and exploration is expensive. A common recipe, SFT followed by GRPO, can stall when within-group reward variation is low (e.g., more rollouts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Haitian Zhong , Jixiu Zhai , Lei Song , Jiang Bian , Qiang Liu , Tieniu Tan

Large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit diverse high-level reasoning patterns (e.g., direct solution, reflection-and-verification, and exploring multiple solutions), yet prevailing training recipes implicitly bias models toward a limited set…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hanbin Wang , Jingwei Song , Jinpeng Li , Fei Mi , Lifeng Shang

Optimizing scientific software is a difficult task because codebases are often large and complex, and performance can depend upon several factors including the algorithm, its implementation, and hardware among others. Causes of poor…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Daniel Nichols , Pranav Polasam , Harshitha Menon , Aniruddha Marathe , Todd Gamblin , Abhinav Bhatele

Text-to-audio (T2A) generation has advanced considerably in recent years, yet existing methods continue to face challenges in accurately rendering complex text prompts, particularly those involving intricate audio effects, and achieving…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Yi Gu , Yanqing Liu , Chen Yang , Sheng Zhao

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on large quantities of high-quality annotated data, or questions with well-defined ground truth answers in the case of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Justin Bauer , Thomas Walshe , Derek Pham , Harit Vishwakarma , Armin Parchami , Frederic Sala , Paroma Varma

Reinforcement learning has become a cornerstone for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models, where group-based approaches such as GRPO have emerged as efficient paradigms that optimize policies by leveraging…

Mathematical reasoning is a key benchmark for large language models. Reinforcement learning is a standard post-training mechanism for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet performance remains sensitive to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Arash Ahmadi , Sarah Sharif , Yaser , Banad

Applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) to Video Large Language Models (Video-LLMs) shows significant promise for complex video reasoning. However, popular Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (RFT) methods, such as outcome-based Group Relative Policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yunxin Li , Xinyu Chen , Zitao Li , Zhenyu Liu , Longyue Wang , Wenhan Luo , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Intent detection, a critical component in task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, faces significant challenges in adapting to the rapid influx of integrable tools with complex interrelationships. Existing approaches, such as zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zihao Feng , Xiaoxue Wang , Ziwei Bai , Donghang Su , Bowen Wu , Qun Yu , Baoxun Wang

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a powerful technique for improving the problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs), particularly for tasks requiring multi-step reasoning. However, recent studies show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Hadi Mohammadi , Tamas Kozak , Anastasia Giachanou

Existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches treat large language models (LLMs) as a unified policy, overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this paper, we decompose the LLM-based policy into Internal Layer Policies and Internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuqiao Tan , Minzheng Wang , Shizhu He , Huanxuan Liao , Chengfeng Zhao , Qiunan Lu , Tian Liang , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Large language models have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities in complex tasks through tool integration, which is typically framed as a Markov Decision Process and optimized with trajectory-level RL algorithms such as GRPO. However,…

Large language models trained with reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards tend to trade accuracy for length--inflating response lengths to achieve gains in accuracy. While longer answers may be warranted for harder problems, many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Vaishnavi Shrivastava , Ahmed Awadallah , Vidhisha Balachandran , Shivam Garg , Harkirat Behl , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable success, yet they often suffer from producing unnecessary and verbose reasoning chains. We identify a core aspect of this issue as "invalid thinking" -- models tend to repeatedly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Zhengxiang Cheng , Dongping Chen , Mingyang Fu , Tianyi Zhou

Efficiently acquiring external knowledge and up-to-date information is essential for effective reasoning and text generation in large language models (LLMs). Prompting advanced LLMs with reasoning capabilities to use search engines during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Bowen Jin , Hansi Zeng , Zhenrui Yue , Jinsung Yoon , Sercan Arik , Dong Wang , Hamed Zamani , Jiawei Han

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has improved the reasoning ability of large language models, yet training remains costly because many rollouts contribute little to optimization, considering the amount of computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yan Sun , Jia Guo , Stanley Kok , Zihao Wang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has boosted mathematical reasoning, yet geometry remains challenging where auxiliary construction is often essential. Prior methods either underperform or depend on very large models (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yikun Wang , Yibin Wang , Dianyi Wang , Zimian Peng , Qipeng Guo , Dacheng Tao , Jiaqi Wang

Large language models (LLMs) trained via pretraining and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) can still produce harmful and misaligned outputs, or struggle in domains like math and coding. Reinforcement learning (RL)-based post-training methods,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhichao Wang , Kiran Ramnath , Bin Bi , Shiva Kumar Pentyala , Sougata Chaudhuri , Shubham Mehrotra , Zixu , Zhu , Xiang-Bo Mao , Sitaram Asur , Na , Cheng
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