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Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful approach for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by recent successes such as OpenAI's o1 and Deepseek-R1. However, applying RL at scale remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Siru Ouyang , Xinyu Zhu , Zilin Xiao , Minhao Jiang , Yu Meng , Jiawei Han

The success of DeepSeek-R1 demonstrates the immense potential of using reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance LLMs' reasoning capabilities. This paper introduces Retrv-R1, the first R1-style MLLM specifically designed for multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Lanyun Zhu , Deyi Ji , Tianrun Chen , Haiyang Wu , Shiqi Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) based listwise ranking has shown superior performance in many passage ranking tasks. With the development of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), many studies have demonstrated that step-by-step reasoning during…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Wenhan Liu , Xinyu Ma , Weiwei Sun , Yutao Zhu , Yuchen Li , Dawei Yin , Zhicheng Dou

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized machine learning and related fields, showcasing remarkable abilities in comprehending, generating, and manipulating human language. However, their conventional usage through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Andrea Bacciu , Florin Cuconasu , Federico Siciliano , Fabrizio Silvestri , Nicola Tonellotto , Giovanni Trappolini

Process rewards have been widely used in deep reinforcement learning to improve training efficiency, reduce variance, and prevent reward hacking. In LLM reasoning, existing works also explore various solutions for learning effective process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xian Wu , Kaijie Zhu , Ying Zhang , Lun Wang , Wenbo Guo

Frontier reasoning models have exhibited incredible capabilities across a wide array of disciplines, driven by posttraining large language models (LLMs) with reinforcement learning (RL). However, despite the widespread success of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Aayush Karan , Yilun Du

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled near-human performance on software coding benchmarks, but their effectiveness in RTL code generation remains limited due to the scarcity of high-quality training data. While prior…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Chenhui Deng , Yun-Da Tsai , Guan-Ting Liu , Zhongzhi Yu , Haoxing Ren

We propose integration of reasoning into speech large language models (speechLLMs) for the end-to-end slot-filling task. Inspired by the recent development of reasoning LLMs, we use a chain-of-thought framework to decompose the slot-filling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Kadri Hacioglu , Manjunath K E , Andreas Stolcke

We introduce Reasoning Core, a new scalable environment for Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), designed to advance foundational symbolic reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike existing benchmarks that focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Valentin Lacombe , Valentin Quesnel , Damien Sileo

Training reasoning language models (LMs) with reinforcement learning (RL) for one-hot correctness inherently relies on the LM being able to explore and solve its task with some chance at initialization. Furthermore, a key use case of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Edoardo Cetin , Tianyu Zhao , Yujin Tang

In recent years, training methods centered on Reinforcement Learning (RL) have markedly enhanced the reasoning and alignment performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in understanding human intents, following user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Keliang Liu , Dingkang Yang , Ziyun Qian , Weijie Yin , Yuchi Wang , Hongsheng Li , Jun Liu , Peng Zhai , Yang Liu , Lihua Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for text generation. In particular, recent LLMs such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 can engage in fluent conversations with users after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jonathan D. Chang , Kiante Brantley , Rajkumar Ramamurthy , Dipendra Misra , Wen Sun

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently strengthened LLM reasoning, but its focus on final answer correctness leaves a critical gap: it does not ensure the robustness of the reasoning process itself. We adopt a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Hyunseok Lee , Soheil Abbasloo , Jihoon Tack , Jinwoo Shin

Recent large reasoning models (LRMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities through reinforcement learning (RL). These improvements have primarily been observed within the short-context reasoning tasks. In contrast, extending LRMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Fanqi Wan , Weizhou Shen , Shengyi Liao , Yingcheng Shi , Chenliang Li , Ziyi Yang , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou , Ming Yan

Reinforcement learning for LLM reasoning has rapidly emerged as a prominent research area, marked by a significant surge in related studies on both algorithmic innovations and practical applications. Despite this progress, several critical…

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have underscored the potential of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to facilitate the emergence of reasoning capabilities. Despite the encouraging results, a fundamental dilemma persists as RL…

Language model pretraining with next token prediction has proved effective for scaling compute but is limited to the amount of available training data. Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) unlocks a new axis for the continued improvement of…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) serves as a potent paradigm for enhancing reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs), yet standard outcome-based approaches often suffer from reward sparsity and inefficient credit assignment. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiangwei Wang , Wei Wang , Ken Chen , Nanduni Nimalsiri , Saman Halgamuge

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a prevailing approach for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on complex reasoning tasks. Among recent methods, GRPO stands out for its empirical success in training models such as DeepSeek-R1,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Wei Xiong , Jiarui Yao , Yuhui Xu , Bo Pang , Lei Wang , Doyen Sahoo , Junnan Li , Nan Jiang , Tong Zhang , Caiming Xiong , Hanze Dong

Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette