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Probabilistic forecasts are typically obtained using state-of-the-art statistical and machine learning models, with model parameters estimated by optimizing a proper scoring rule over a set of training data. If the model class is not…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-05 Jakob Benjamin Wessel , Maybritt Schillinger , Frank Kwasniok , Sam Allen

We present a probabilistic data-driven weather model capable of providing an ensemble of high spatial resolution realizations of 87 variables at arbitrary forecast length and ensemble size. The model uses a stretched grid, dedicating 2.5 km…

Recent advancements in data-driven weather forecasting models have delivered deterministic models that outperform the leading operational forecast systems based on traditional, physics-based models. However, these data-driven models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Christopher Subich , Syed Zahid Husain , Leo Separovic , Jing Yang

Long-term time series forecasting (LTSF) offers broad utility in practical settings like energy consumption and weather prediction. Accurately predicting long-term changes, however, is demanding due to the intricate temporal patterns and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Boshi Gao , Qingjian Ni , Fanbo Ju , Yu Chen , Ziqi Zhao

Atmospheric models used for weather and climate prediction are traditionally formulated in a deterministic manner. In other words, given a particular state of the resolved scale variables, the most likely forcing from the sub-grid scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Hannah M. Christensen , Salah Kouhen , Greta Miller , Raghul Parthipan

We propose a novel hybrid loss for multiclass and structured prediction problems that is a convex combination of a log loss for Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) and a multiclass hinge loss for Support Vector Machines (SVMs). We provide a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-02-11 Qinfeng Shi , Mark Reid , Tiberio Caetano , Anton van den Hengel , Zhenhua Wang

The recent developments in the machine learning domain have enabled the development of complex multivariate probabilistic forecasting models. Therefore, it is pivotal to have a precise evaluation method to gauge the performance and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Alireza Koochali , Peter Schichtel , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of fully data-driven global numerical weather prediction models. These machine learning weather prediction models have their strength, notably accuracy and low…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-05 Alban Farchi , Marcin Chrust , Marc Bocquet , Massimo Bonavita

Recent statistical postprocessing methods for wind speed forecasts have incorporated linear models and neural networks to produce more skillful probabilistic forecasts in the low-to-medium wind speed range. At the same time, these methods…

Applications · Statistics 2025-04-18 Simon Hakvoort , Bastien Francois , Kirien Whan , Sjoerd Dirksen

Time series data are prone to noise in various domains, and training samples may contain low-predictability patterns that deviate from the normal data distribution, leading to training instability or convergence to poor local minima.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Xu Zhang , Peng Wang , Yichen Li , Wei Wang

We introduce two-scale loss functions for use in various gradient descent algorithms applied to classification problems via deep neural networks. This new method is generic in the sense that it can be applied to a wide range of machine…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-09-03 Leonid Berlyand , Robert Creese , Pierre-Emmanuel Jabin

Obtaining accurate probabilistic forecasts is an operational challenge in many applications, such as energy management, climate forecasting, supply chain planning, and resource allocation. Many of these applications present a natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Kin G. Olivares , Geoffrey Négiar , Ruijun Ma , O. Nangba Meetei , Mengfei Cao , Michael W. Mahoney

Weather extremes are a major societal and economic hazard, claiming thousands of lives and causing billions of dollars in damage every year. Under climate change, their impact and intensity are expected to worsen significantly.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Antoine Blanchard , Nishant Parashar , Boyko Dodov , Christian Lessig , Themistoklis Sapsis

What does it mean to say that, for example, the probability for rain tomorrow is between 20% and 30%? The theory for the evaluation of precise probabilistic forecasts is well-developed and is grounded in the key concepts of proper scoring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Christian Fröhlich , Robert C. Williamson

The ground truth used for training image, video, or speech quality prediction models is based on the Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) obtained from subjective experiments. Usually, it is necessary to conduct multiple experiments, mostly with…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-15 Gabriel Mittag , Saman Zadtootaghaj , Thilo Michael , Babak Naderi , Sebastian Möller

While scaling laws provide a reliable methodology for predicting train loss across compute scales for a single data distribution, less is known about how these predictions should change as we change the distribution. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 David Brandfonbrener , Nikhil Anand , Nikhil Vyas , Eran Malach , Sham Kakade

We introduce a universal diffusion-based downscaling framework that lifts deterministic low-resolution weather forecasts into probabilistic high-resolution predictions without any model-specific fine-tuning. A single conditional diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Roberto Molinaro , Niall Siegenheim , Henry Martin , Mark Frey , Niels Poulsen , Philipp Seitz , Marvin Vincent Gabler

We present an update to ECMWF's machine-learned weather forecasting model AIFS Single with several key improvements. The model now incorporates physical consistency constraints through bounding layers, an updated training schedule, and an…

Forecasting the particulate matter (PM) concentration in South Korea has become urgently necessary owing to its strong negative impact on human life. In most statistical or machine learning methods, independent and identically distributed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-02 Jongsu Kim , Changhoon Lee

Historical observations of severe weather and simulated severe weather environments (i.e., features) from the Global Ensemble Forecast System v12 (GEFSv12) Reforecast Dataset (GEFS/R) are used in conjunction to train and test random forest…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-12-19 Aaron J. Hill , Russ S. Schumacher , Israel Jirak