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The rapid expansion of space activities has led to an unprecedented accumulation of technical documentation, operational guidelines, and scientific literature, creating challenges for timely decision-making in space operations. Effective…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ruben Belo , Marta Guimarães , Cláudia Soares

Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems remains a challenging task: existing metrics often collapse heterogeneous behaviors into single scores and provide little insight into whether errors arise from retrieval,reasoning, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Keerthana Murugaraj , Salima Lamsiyah , Martin Theobald

With the rise of long-context language models (LMs) capable of processing tens of thousands of tokens in a single context window, do multi-stage retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipelines still offer measurable benefits over simpler,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Alex Laitenberger , Christopher D. Manning , Nelson F. Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are very costly and inefficient to update with new information. To address this limitation, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been proposed as a solution that dynamically incorporates external knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Sezen Perçin , Xin Su , Qutub Sha Syed , Phillip Howard , Aleksei Kuvshinov , Leo Schwinn , Kay-Ulrich Scholl

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems often face limitations in specialized domains such as fintech, where domain-specific ontologies, dense terminology, and acronyms complicate effective retrieval and synthesis. This paper…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Thomas Cook , Richard Osuagwu , Liman Tsatiashvili , Vrynsia Vrynsia , Koustav Ghosal , Maraim Masoud , Riccardo Mattivi

Deploying Large Language Model (LLM) applications, particularly those relying on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), remains challenging due to high computational demands, outdated knowledge bases, and the need to manually select optimal…

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved complex reasoning capabilities. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has further extended these capabilities by grounding generation in dynamically retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Jash Rajesh Parekh , Pengcheng Jiang , Jiawei Han

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed Natural Language Processing (NLP), enabling complex information retrieval and generation tasks. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a key innovation,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Teri Rumble , Zbyněk Gazdík , Javad Zarrin , Jagdeep Ahluwalia

Despite notable advancements in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems that expand large language model (LLM) capabilities through external retrieval, these systems often struggle to meet the complex and diverse needs of real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jinyu Wang , Jingjing Fu , Rui Wang , Lei Song , Jiang Bian

Federated search systems aggregate results from multiple search engines, selecting appropriate sources to enhance result quality and align with user intent. With the increasing uptake of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Shuai Wang , Ekaterina Khramtsova , Shengyao Zhuang , Guido Zuccon

This paper introduces an innovative approach using Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines with Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance information retrieval and query response systems for university-related question answering. By…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Arshia Hemmat , Kianoosh Vadaei , Mohammad Hassan Heydari , Afsaneh Fatemi

We designed a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system to provide large language models with relevant documents for answering domain-specific questions about Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). We extracted over 1,800…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Haojia Sun , Yaqi Wang , Shuting Zhang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) combines document retrieval with large language models to produce responses grounded in external evidence. While several R packages support core components of RAG workflows, integrated evaluation of RAG…

Computation · Statistics 2026-04-28 Muhammad Aimal Rehman , Zhili Lu , Chi-Kuang Yeh

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) struggles on long, structured financial filings where relevant evidence is sparse and cross-referenced. This paper presents a systematic investigation of advanced metadata-driven Retrieval-Augmented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Michail Dadopoulos , Anestis Ladas , Stratos Moschidis , Ioannis Negkakis

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models with external knowledge, and tree-based RAG organizes documents into hierarchical indexes to support queries at multiple granularities. However, existing Tree-RAG methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Ziwen Zhao , Menglin Yang

Using LLMs (Large Language Models) in conjunction with external documents has made RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) an essential technology. Numerous techniques and modules for RAG are being researched, but their performance can vary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Dongkyu Kim , Byoungwook Kim , Donggeon Han , Matouš Eibich

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful architecture for combining the precision of retrieval systems with the fluency of large language models. While several studies have investigated RAG pipelines for high-resource…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is increasingly employed in generative AI-driven scientific workflows to integrate rapidly evolving scientific knowledge bases, yet its reliability is frequently compromised by non-determinism in their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Baiqiang Wang , Dongfang Zhao , Nathan R Tallent , Luanzheng Guo

This paper presents an experience report on the development of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems using PDF documents as the primary data source. The RAG architecture combines generative capabilities of Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ayman Asad Khan , Md Toufique Hasan , Kai Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Pekka Abrahamsson

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and its graph-based extensions (GraphRAG) are effective paradigms for improving large language model (LLM) reasoning by grounding generation in external knowledge. However, most existing RAG and GraphRAG…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Dongzhe Fan , Zheyi Xue , Siyuan Liu , Qiaoyu Tan