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As generative large language models (LLMs) grow more performant and prevalent, we must develop comprehensive enough tools to measure and improve their fairness. Different prompt-based datasets can be used to measure social bias across…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly powerful and accessible to human users, ensuring fairness across diverse demographic groups, i.e., group fairness, is a critical ethical concern. However, current fairness and bias…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Kefan Song , Jin Yao , Runnan Jiang , Rohan Chandra , Shangtong Zhang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have made them a popular information-seeking tool among end users. However, the statistical training methods for LLMs have raised concerns about their representation of under-represented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Shiran Dudy , Thulasi Tholeti , Resmi Ramachandranpillai , Muhammad Ali , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Ricardo Baeza-Yates

Despite growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) for educational assessment, it remains unclear how closely they align with human scoring. We present a systematic evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs across three open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Filip J. Kucia , Anirban Chakraborty , Anna Wróblewska

Multi-agent systems, which consist of multiple AI models interacting within a shared environment, are increasingly used for persona-based interactions. However, if not carefully designed, these systems can reinforce implicit biases in large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Imran Mirza , Cole Huang , Ishwara Vasista , Rohan Patil , Asli Akalin , Sean O'Brien , Kevin Zhu

Bias is a disproportionate prejudice in favor of one side against another. Due to the success of transformer-based Masked Language Models (MLMs) and their impact on many NLP tasks, a systematic evaluation of bias in these models is needed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Jeongrok Yu , Seong Ug Kim , Jacob Choi , Jinho D. Choi

With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) possessing increasingly impressive capabilities, a number of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have been proposed to augment LLMs with visual inputs. Such models condition generated text on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Phillip Howard , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , Kathleen C. Fraser , Svetlana Kiritchenko

Large Language Models have garnered significant attention for their capabilities in multilingual natural language processing, while studies on risks associated with cross biases are limited to immediate context preferences. Cross-language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Qianying Liu , Katrina Qiyao Wang , Fei Cheng , Sadao Kurohashi

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have incentivized the development of LLM-as-a-judge, an application of LLMs where they are used as judges to decide the quality of a certain piece of text given a certain context. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiaolin Zhou , Zheng Luo , Yicheng Gao , Qixuan Chen , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao , Ruishan Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly regarded as having the potential to generate persuasive content at scale. While previous studies have focused on the risks associated with LLM-generated misinformation, the role of LLMs in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-06 John Caffier , Olga Stavrova , Bennett Kleinberg

Large language models (LLMs) acquire beliefs about gender from training data and can therefore generate text with stereotypical gender attitudes. Prior studies have demonstrated model generations favor one gender or exhibit stereotypes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Sharon Levy , William D. Adler , Tahilin Sanchez Karver , Mark Dredze , Michelle R. Kaufman

This study introduces an innovative multilingual bias evaluation framework for assessing bias in Large Language Models, combining explicit bias assessment through the BBQ benchmark with implicit bias measurement using a prompt-based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yuxuan Liang , Marwa Mahmoud

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit social biases inherited from their training data. While existing benchmarks evaluate bias by term-based mode through direct term associations between demographic terms and bias terms, LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jinhao Pan , Chahat Raj , Ziyu Yao , Ziwei Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for automated text annotation in tasks ranging from academic research to content moderation and hiring. Across 19 LLMs and two experiments totaling more than 4 million annotation judgments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Petter Törnberg

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in recommender systems (RS) presents new challenges in understanding and evaluating their biases, which can result in unfairness or the amplification of stereotypes. Traditional fairness…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Yashar Deldjoo , Fatemeh Nazary

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate natural language generation tasks as automated metrics. However, the likelihood, a measure of LLM's plausibility for a sentence, can vary due to superficial differences in sentences,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Masanari Oi , Masahiro Kaneko , Ryuto Koike , Mengsay Loem , Naoaki Okazaki

This paper explores the effectiveness of using large language models (LLMs) for personalized movie recommendations from users' perspectives in an online field experiment. Our study involves a combination of between-subject prompt and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Ruixuan Sun , Xinyi Li , Avinash Akella , Joseph A. Konstan

Large language models (LLMs) have become integral tool for users from various backgrounds. LLMs, trained on vast corpora, reflect the linguistic and cultural nuances embedded in their pre-training data. However, the values and perspectives…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Songyuan Liu , Ziyang Zhang , Runze Yan , Wei Wu , Carl Yang , Jiaying Lu

Self-preference is a fundamental feature of biological organisms. Since large language models (LLMs) lack sentience, they might be expected to avoid such distortions. Yet, across 72 experiments and ~41,000 queries, we discovered massive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Steven A. Lehr , Mary Cipperman , Mahzarin R. Banaji

This paper studies gender bias in machine translation through the lens of Large Language Models (LLMs). Four widely-used test sets are employed to benchmark various base LLMs, comparing their translation quality and gender bias against…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aleix Sant , Carlos Escolano , Audrey Mash , Francesca De Luca Fornaciari , Maite Melero