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The Transformer and its variants have been proven to be efficient sequence learners in many different domains. Despite their staggering success, a critical issue has been the enormous number of parameters that must be trained (ranging from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Subhabrata Dutta , Tanya Gautam , Soumen Chakrabarti , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Transformer networks are able to capture patterns in data coming from many domains (text, images, videos, proteins, etc.) with little or no change to architecture components. We perform a theoretical analysis of the core component…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Valerii Likhosherstov , Krzysztof Choromanski , Adrian Weller

We propose Axial Transformers, a self-attention-based autoregressive model for images and other data organized as high dimensional tensors. Existing autoregressive models either suffer from excessively large computational resource…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Jonathan Ho , Nal Kalchbrenner , Dirk Weissenborn , Tim Salimans

Transformers have revolutionized deep learning in numerous fields, including natural language processing, computer vision, and audio processing. Their strength lies in their attention mechanism, which allows for the discovering of complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Uladzislau Yorsh , Martin Holeňa , Ondřej Bojar , David Herel

Transformers are the dominant architecture in NLP, but their training and fine-tuning is still very challenging. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a visual analytic framework for assisting researchers in such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Raymond Li , Wen Xiao , Lanjun Wang , Hyeju Jang , Giuseppe Carenini

Vision Transformer (ViT) self-attention mechanism is characterized by feature collapse in deeper layers, resulting in the vanishing of low-level visual features. However, such features can be helpful to accurately represent and identify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Anxhelo Diko , Danilo Avola , Marco Cascio , Luigi Cinque

Pre-training Transformer from large-scale raw texts and fine-tuning on the desired task have achieved state-of-the-art results on diverse NLP tasks. However, it is unclear what the learned attention captures. The attention computed by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Yau-Shian Wang , Hung-Yi Lee , Yun-Nung Chen

Neural networks are growing more capable on their own, but we do not understand their neural mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms' decision-making processes, or mechanistic interpretability, enables (1) accountability and control in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Mason Kadem , Rong Zheng

Transformer-based language models have achieved impressive success in various natural language processing tasks due to their ability to capture complex dependencies and contextual information using self-attention mechanisms. However, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Kaushik Roy , Yuxin Zi , Vignesh Narayanan , Manas Gaur , Amit Sheth

Transformer architecture has widespread applications, particularly in Natural Language Processing and computer vision. Recently Transformers have been employed in various aspects of time-series analysis. This tutorial provides an overview…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Sabeen Ahmed , Ian E. Nielsen , Aakash Tripathi , Shamoon Siddiqui , Ghulam Rasool , Ravi P. Ramachandran

Recently, self-attention models such as Transformers have given competitive results compared to recurrent neural network systems in speech recognition. The key factor for the outstanding performance of self-attention models is their ability…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-29 Shucong Zhang , Erfan Loweimi , Peter Bell , Steve Renals

In both Computer Vision and the wider Deep Learning field, the Transformer architecture is well-established as state-of-the-art for many applications. For Multitask Learning, however, where there may be many more queries necessary compared…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Christian Bohn , Thomas Kurbiel , Klaus Friedrichs , Hasan Tercan , Tobias Meisen

Transformer-based methods have shown impressive performance in image restoration tasks, such as image super-resolution and denoising. However, we find that these networks can only utilize a limited spatial range of input information through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xiangyu Chen , Xintao Wang , Wenlong Zhang , Xiangtao Kong , Yu Qiao , Jiantao Zhou , Chao Dong

Attention mechanisms represent a fundamental paradigm shift in neural network architectures, enabling models to selectively focus on relevant portions of input sequences through learned weighting functions. This monograph provides a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hasi Hays

Transformers have achieved remarkable success in sequence modeling and beyond but suffer from quadratic computational and memory complexities with respect to the length of the input sequence. Leveraging techniques include sparse and linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Tan Nguyen , Richard G. Baraniuk , Robert M. Kirby , Stanley J. Osher , Bao Wang

Despite the rapid evolution of training paradigms, the decoder backbone of large vision--language models (LVLMs) remains fundamentally rooted in the residual-connection Transformer architecture. Therefore, deciphering the distinct roles of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Gongli Xi , Ye Tian , Mengyu Yang , Huahui Yi , Liang Lin , Xiaoshuai Hao , Kun Wang , Wendong Wang

In the Transformer model, "self-attention" combines information from attended embeddings into the representation of the focal embedding in the next layer. Thus, across layers of the Transformer, information originating from different tokens…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Samira Abnar , Willem Zuidema

The Transformer is a highly successful deep learning model that has revolutionised the world of artificial neural networks, first in natural language processing and later in computer vision. This model is based on the attention mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Riccardo Ughi , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

Transformer models have achieved remarkable results in a wide range of applications. However, their scalability is hampered by the quadratic time and memory complexity of the self-attention mechanism concerning the sequence length. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yury Nahshan , Joseph Kampeas , Emir Haleva

Transformers use the dense self-attention mechanism which gives a lot of flexibility for long-range connectivity. Over multiple layers of a deep transformer, the number of possible connectivity patterns increases exponentially. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Md Shamim Hussain , Mohammed J. Zaki , Dharmashankar Subramanian